AP PSYCH u2.2-u2.8 : Cognition

concept

mental grouping of similar objects/ideas/etc

prototypes

best example/cognitive representation of something in a schema

algorithm

step by step methods that guarantee a solution

heuristic

rule of thumbs that simplify, but don’t guarantee

representativeness heuristic

making decision based on how much something is typical in ur schema

availability heuristic

decisions made based on how fast info is remembered

mental set

tendency to only see past successful solutions

metacognution

thinking about self congniton

framing

reacting to a concept based on how it’s framed

gambler’s fallacy

use rep. heuristic to judge likelihood of future events

sunk cost fallacy

sticking to original plan because of investment

creativity

original thought that is functional and valuable

divergent thinkin

proposing as many solutions to find 1 that works

convergent thinking

using different ideas to find single best solution

functional fixedness

limits people to only use an object in traditional purpose

memory

ability to remember things

explicit (declarative) memory

memory for inf we can readily express & are aware of having

episodic memory

memories for personal events in a specific setting

semantic memory

processing for meaning - relate to past experiences (effortful)

implicit memory

memory for info we can’t readily express and aren’t aware of

procedural vs prospective memory

motor skills and habits vs remembering to do something in the future

long term potentiation

persistent strengthening of efficiency of synapses - increased nerve cell firing potential after brief stimulation

primary working system (working memory)

conscious, active processing of incoming sensory information and info retrieved from long term

central executive

memory component that coordinates phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad

phonological loop

memory component that holds short term audi

visuospatial sketchpad

holds brief inf on objects’ appearance and location in space

long term memory

everything that’s learned and stored

flashbulb memory

vivid memories of dramatic event

sensory memory

first stop for all sensory info - large temp stay

iconic memory

visual register holds images/icon that represent all aspects of a visual image

echoic memory

holds echos of sounds

short term memory

holds info we’re aware of in the moment

encoding

getting memories in

storage

storing and organizing memories

retrieval

accessing memories from their location

mnemonic

memory aid - uses voice imagery and organizational devices

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

spacing effect

distributing practice or rehearsal

primary and recency effects

recall first and last items best

retro vs anterograde amnesia

can’t remember past vs can’t make new memories

alzheimer’s disease

neurodegenerative disease caused by plaque buildup in brain

recall

retrieval w/o cues

recognition

retrieval w clues

mood congruent memory

tendency to recall experiences consistent with mood

state dependent memory

learned things in one state can only be remembered in that state

testing effect

repeated self testing of material over time

priming

usually unconscious activation of specific associations in long term implicit memory

forgetting curve

forget what you don’t use

proactive interference

old info interferes w new info retrieval

retroactive interference

new info interferes w old info retrieval

reconsolidation

previously stored memories are altered when recalled and before restoring

tip of the tongue phenomenon

retrieval failure of term but partial recall of cues

repression

vanishing anxiety arousing memories in self defense

misinfo effect

incorporating misleading info into memory of an event

source amnesia

not remembering source of info

deja vu

cues from current situation trigger retrieval of earlier experience

spearman intelligence theory

general intelligence underlies all abilities

fluid vs crystallized intelligence

ability to reason quickly and abstractly vs accumulated knowledge

IQ

mental age divided by actual age times 100

WAIS

most widely used intelligence tests

stanford binet

altered and widely used binet tes f

mental age

level of performance associated w age group

validity

how much a test measures what it’s supposed to

construct validity

how much a test measures a concept or trait

predictive validity

how successfully a test predicts behavior

reliability

extent that a test yields consistent results

flynn effect

intel test scores increase worldwide thru time

achievement tests

reflect what you’ve learned

aptitude tests

predicts what you can learn

fixed v growth mindset

abilities are concrete vs changeable

psychometrics

scientific study of measurement of human abilities, traits, attitudes

emotional intelligence

ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

savant syndrome

super talented at one thing, awful at rest

CHC theory

general ability based on fluid and crystallized intelligence

sternberg’s triarchic theory

3 intelligences - creative, analytical, and practical

gardners multiple intelligences

there’s like 8 or 9 or 6 million idk