United States History Exam 2 Chapter 5

This part 1 of 4 for the Exam 2 of United States history

Chapter 5 - Review 1: Describe the colonial population after the Seven Years' War.

The colonies had a rapidly growing population that reached about 2.5 million by 1776. The population was young, ethnically and racially diverse, mostly rural, and relatively prosperous, although roughly one-fifth of the population was enslaved.

Chapter 5 - Review 2: Discuss King George III's governing style.

George III wanted to restore an active monarchy and personally influence government through patronage and loyal ministers. His rigid style, poor choice of advisers, and frequent ministerial changes destabilized British politics and encouraged tougher imperial control over the colonies.

Chapter 5 - Review 3: Name the concept that was at the heart of the Imperial-colonial struggle.

Parliamentary sovereignty: the British belief that Parliament possessed supreme and unlimited legislative authority throughout the empire.

Chapter 5 - Review 4: Explain the differences between British and colonial views on representation.

British leaders defended virtual representation, claiming every member of Parliament represented all British subjects whether they voted or not. Colonists favored actual representation and argued that only representatives elected by the colonists could legitimately tax them.

Chapter 5 - Review 5: Discuss the outstanding legacy of the Seven Years' War.

The war removed France as a major threat in North America but left Britain deeply in debt. Britain then stationed troops in America, restricted western settlement, and taxed the colonies, while the disappearance of the French threat made colonists more willing to resist British authority.

Chapter 5 - Review 6: List George Grenville's legislative program.

Grenville's program included stricter customs enforcement and vice-admiralty courts, the Sugar Act of 1764, Currency Act of 1764, Stamp Act of 1765, and Quartering Act of 1765. Its goal was to raise colonial revenue and strengthen imperial control.

Chapter 5 - Review 7: Describe colonial reaction to the Stamp Act.

Colonists organized the Stamp Act Congress, issued petitions, formed the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, intimidated stamp distributors, and adopted nonimportation agreements. Parliament repealed the act in 1766 but passed the Declaratory Act asserting full authority over the colonies.

Chapter 5 - Review 8: Describe the intent and results of the Townshend Program.

The Townshend duties taxed imported glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea to raise revenue and pay royal officials independently of colonial assemblies. Colonial boycotts and protests followed, troops were sent to Boston, and Parliament repealed most duties in 1770 but retained the tea tax.

Chapter 5 - Review 9: Describe the origins and results of the Boston Massacre.

Tension grew after British troops were stationed in Boston to enforce customs laws. On March 5, 1770, soldiers fired into a hostile crowd and killed five colonists; Patriot propaganda transformed the incident into a symbol of British tyranny and intensified anti-British feeling.

Chapter 5 - Review 10: Describe the origins and results of the Boston Tea Party.

The Tea Act of 1773 gave the East India Company special advantages while preserving Parliament's tea tax. On December 16, colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor, leading Britain to punish Massachusetts with the Coercive or Intolerable Acts.

Chapter 5 - Review 11: Describe the American response to the Intolerable Acts.

The colonies sent supplies to Massachusetts, convened the First Continental Congress, condemned Parliament's actions, and created the Continental Association to halt trade with Britain. Local committees enforced the boycott and communities began preparing militias for armed resistance.

Chapter 5 - Review 12: Name the location of the first battle of the American Revolution.

Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, on April 19, 1775.

Chapter 5 - Review 13: Discuss the accomplishments of the Second Continental Congress.

It created the Continental Army, appointed George Washington commander, raised money and supplies, managed diplomacy, and sent the Olive Branch Petition. It later approved the Declaration of Independence and directed the war effort as the colonies became states.

Chapter 5 - Review 14: List the advantages and disadvantages of both the Americans and British in the Revolution.

Americans had strong motivation, home-terrain knowledge, militia networks, Washington's leadership, and eventually French aid, but suffered from weak finances, shortages, short enlistments, and internal Loyalist opposition. Britain had a professional army, powerful navy, greater wealth, and Loyalist and Hessian support, but faced long supply lines, unfamiliar terrain, divided public opinion, and the difficulty of occupying a vast country.

Chapter 5 - Review 15: Explain Washington's military strategy in the American Revolution.

Washington's main goal was to preserve the Continental Army rather than risk destruction in one decisive battle. He used retreats, surprise attacks, and limited engagements to prolong the war, exhaust British will, and wait for foreign assistance and favorable opportunities.

Chapter 5 - Review 16: Describe the British military strategy in 1776.

Britain concentrated a large army and navy around New York to destroy Washington's army, control the Hudson region, and isolate New England. The British captured New York City and drove the Americans through New Jersey but failed to destroy the Continental Army, allowing Washington to recover at Trenton and Princeton.

Chapter 5 - Review 17: Describe the British military strategy in 1777.

Britain planned to isolate New England by having Burgoyne advance south from Canada toward Albany while other forces moved along the Hudson. General Howe instead captured Philadelphia, coordination collapsed, and Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga.

Chapter 5 - Review 18: Describe the short-term and long-term results of the Battle of Saratoga.

In the short term, Burgoyne's surrender in October 1777 stopped the British northern campaign and greatly improved American morale. In the long term, it persuaded France to form an alliance with the United States in 1778, turning the rebellion into a global war and providing vital money, troops, weapons, and naval power.

Chapter 5 - Review 19: Evaluate the British military Southern strategy.

The British captured Savannah and Charleston and expected large numbers of southern Loyalists to restore royal control. They overestimated Loyalist support, could not hold the countryside against Patriot militia and guerrillas, and pushed Cornwallis into Virginia, where French and American forces trapped him at Yorktown; therefore, the strategy ultimately failed.

Chapter 5 - Review 20: List the results of the Treaty of Paris of 1783.

Britain recognized American independence and granted territory from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River and from Canada to Spanish Florida. Americans received fishing rights near Newfoundland, agreed that lawful debts should be paid, and Congress promised to recommend restoration of Loyalist property.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Boston Massacre

A March 5, 1770 clash in which British soldiers fired into a Boston crowd and killed five colonists. Patriot leaders used the event to inflame anti-British sentiment.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Boston Tea Party

The December 16, 1773 protest in which colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped East India Company tea into Boston Harbor to oppose the tea tax and parliamentary authority.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Coercive Acts

Four punitive laws passed by Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. Colonists called them the Intolerable Acts because they closed Boston Harbor, restricted Massachusetts government, and expanded imperial control.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Committees of Correspondence

Intercolonial communication networks that circulated information about British policies, coordinated resistance, and helped create colonial unity.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Common Sense

Thomas Paine's influential 1776 pamphlet that attacked monarchy and urged ordinary Americans to support independence and republican government.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: First Continental Congress

The 1774 meeting of delegates from twelve colonies that condemned British policies, denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies, created the Continental Association, and urged preparations for resistance.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Parliamentary Sovereignty

The belief that Parliament held supreme and unlimited authority over Britain and its empire and that its laws were not subject to review by another political body.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Loyalists

Colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution. They were also called Tories.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Stamp Act Congress

The October 1765 meeting of delegates from nine colonies in New York that protested the Stamp Act and asserted that only colonial representatives could tax colonists.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Stamp Act of 1765

A direct tax on newspapers, legal documents, licenses, playing cards, and other printed materials that triggered widespread colonial resistance.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Second Continental Congress

The colonial assembly that met in Philadelphia beginning in 1775, created the Continental Army, appointed Washington, managed the war, and eventually approved independence.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Treaty of Paris of 1783

The peace treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, recognized United States independence, established generous national boundaries, and addressed debts, Loyalist property, and fishing rights.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Whigs

In the Revolution, Americans who opposed British imperial policies and supported resistance or independence. They used the name in contrast to Loyalists or Tories.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Yorktown

The 1781 Virginia campaign in which Washington's and Rochambeau's armies, supported by a French fleet, forced Cornwallis to surrender and effectively ended major fighting.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: The Association

The intercolonial trade agreement created by the First Continental Congress to stop imports from and exports to Britain until the Intolerable Acts were repealed.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Committees of Safety

Local revolutionary organizations that enforced the Continental Association, organized militias, collected supplies, and increasingly replaced royal authority.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Ethiopian Regiment

A British military unit organized in 1775 by Virginia governor Lord Dunmore from enslaved men who were promised freedom for leaving Patriot masters and serving the Crown.