AP Lit TODs 36-76

FINAL EXAM

Ungeziefer (un-guht-see-fur)

german for “an unclean animal not suited for sacrifice. This was the original word used that has been translated into “vermin” (among other things)

Kafkaesque

Of, relating to, or suggestive of Franz Kafka or his writings; especially having a nightmarishly complex, bizarre, or illogical quality

Historical Literary Theory

New Historicism assumes that every work is a product of the historic moment that created it. New Historicism=Structural realization that all human systems are symbolic and subject to the rules of language + deconstructive realization that there’s no way of positioning oneself as an observer outside the closed circle of textuality

Feminist Literary Theory

Concerned with the ways in which literature (and other cultural productions) reinforce or undermine the economic, political, social, and psychological oppressions of women —> how does it impact the literature when written by a man vs. written by a woman?

Queer Literary Theory

How does the literary text illustrate the problematics of sexuality and sexual “identity”, that is, the ways in which human sexuality doesn’t fall negatively into the separate categories defined by the words heterosexual and homosexual?

What does the work reveal about the operations (socially, politically, psychologically) of heterosexism? Is the work (consciously or unconsciously) homophobic? Does the work critique, celebrate, or blindly accept hetero‐ sexist values?

Psychoanalytic Literary Theory

argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the authors own neuroses

Marxist Literary Theory

Based on the theories of Karl Marx (and so influenced by philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel), this school concerns itself with class differences, economic and otherwise, as well as the implications and complications of the capitalist system: Marxism attempts to reveal the ways in which our socioeconomic system is the ultimate source of our experience —> how are the lower classes/ working classes oppressed in everyday life and literature?

Biographical Literary Theory

the biographical critic “focuses on explicating the literary work by using the insight provided by knowledge of the author’s life … biographical data should amplify the meaning of the text, not drawn out with irrelevant material

Annotated Bibliography

* MLA citation of the source
* Summary - provide at least one quote
* Evaluation of the source

Adaptation

A movie, television drama, dance performance, or stage play that has been adapted from a written work; typically a novel

Imagism

the imagist movement included English and American poets in the early 20th century who wrote free verse and were devoted to “clarity of expression through the use of precise visual images”. A strand of modernism, imagism was officially launched in 1912.

* no omnipresent poet’s voice “I”
* Direct treatment of the thing whether subjective or objective
* The image is the speech: capture the emotional qualities and it’s up to the reader to discover what matters
* To use absolutely to word that does not contribute to the presentation
* As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in sequence on a metronome

Sonnet

Italian “sonnetto” for “little song”

* 14 line poem with a fixed rhyme rhyme scheme and meter
* Sonnets are personal in nature; thought as tacky to publish them (especially in the beginning of the form)

Enumeration

the action of mentioning a number of things one my one. Rhetorical device used for visiting details, or a process of mentioning words or phrases step by step. Type of amplification/division which a subject is further distributed into components or parts.

Second Person Familiar

Archaic pronoun that has largely been replaced with “you”. Used throughout Elizabethan period, largely out of use in modern English —>

* Thou, Thee, Thy, Thine

Petrarchan Sonnet

2 stanzas: One Octave (8) and One Sestet (6)

* iambic pentameter
* Rhyme scheme: abba, abba, cdecde/cdcdcd

Iambic Pentameter

meter in which there are 5 feet (iambs) of two syllables each that are unstressed (U), stressed (/)

* Iamb = I am
* Penta = 5
* U / U / U / U / U /

Volta

Italian for “turn”. In a sonnet, the volta is the turn of thought or argument

* coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)
* Disrupted meter
* Punctuation
* Em Dash –

Shakespearean Sonnet

four stanzas

* 3 quatrains
* One rhyming couplet (2)
* Iambic pentameter
* Rhyme scheme - abab cdcd efef gg

Rhyming Couplet

A stanza of 2 lines that rhyme = often used to summarize, conclude, moralize previous statements

Syllogism

deductive reasoning in the form of a proof

* if A, then B, then C

A. All birds lay eggs

B. Swans are birds

C. Therefore, swans lay eggs

Sonnets utilize syllogism to develop the subject and aid in conveying the poet’s message

Explication

a relatively short analysis which describes the possible meanings and relationships of the words, images, and other small units that make up a poem

Conceit

A comparison which is exceedingly unlikely but is, nonetheless, intellectually imaginative. A comparison turns into a conceit when the writer tries to make us admit a similarity between 2 things of whose unlikeness we are strongly conscious and for this reason, conceits are often surprising

Metaphysical Sonnet

Follows the Petrarchan format often with a Shakespearean Variation

* use of rhyming couplets
* Rhyme scheme - abbaabbacdcdee
* Use of eye rhyme (ex. Love and love)
* Use of metaphysical conceits

Refrain

a phrase or verse recurring at intervals in a song or poem, especially at the end of each stanza; chorus

Tercet

A stanza comprised of 3 lines

Villanelle

a poem with a fixed structure that often addressed simple, rustic, or pastoral scenes

Structure:

* 19 lines
* 5 tercets
* 1 quatrain
* A and B rhyme
* Two repeating lines: A1 and A2
* 1st and 3rd lines of opening tercet
* Repeated alternately in the last lines of the succeeding stanzas as refrains
* Used as end lines of the last stanza

Tertiary Source

reference works that lead you to other sources and do not usually show up in your bibliography

Bibliography

A list of source materials used or consulted in preparation of a work or that are related to in a text

Free Verse/Open Form

A poetry of organic rhythms, of deliberate irregularity, improvisatory delight. A form of no material writing that takes pleasure in a various and emergent verbal music.

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Lines can derive their rhythmic qualities from the repetition of words, phrases, or grammatical structure; the arrangement of words on the printed page; or some other means

Enjambement

(In verse) the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza

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The sentence begins with “And then…” and continues to the next time “around” without punctuation

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Line break - the line at which 2 lines of text are split; the end of a line

Typography

The art of putting words into print process. Includes choosing letters, arranging them, and printing with a press on paper.

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Methods:

White space - when the poet or author uses blankness/emptiness to visually create an aesthetic. It is purposeful, poetry is both sen and heard, blankness creates lack of sound or changes, the sound this makes writing dynamic visually, orally, and audibly

Collapsing the frame - lines bleed together

Indentation - creates emphasis (highlights something)

Metonymy

The substitution of the name of an attribute for that of the thing meant, for example the track for horse racing

Epistrophe/Epiphora

the repetition of the same word or phrase at te end of multiple clauses or sentences; the opposite of anaphora

Spoken Word Poetry

An oral tradition. It is oration with rhyme, meter, and repetition, and often involves humor and social commentary

Rhyme

Connected words must have the same vowel sounds and final consonant sounds, such as “bug” and “mug”

Slant Rhyme

Employs assonance and consonance to connect words sonically that do not quite rhyme; generally uses the same vowel sounds with different final consonants or different vowel sounds with the same final consonant

Assonance

The repetition of a vowel sound

Consonance

The repetition of the same consonant sound

Inside Out Rhyme

When you rhyme at the end of one line with the start of the next line

Internal Rhyme

When you rhyme words within the same line

Ekphrasis

The use of detailed description of a work of visual art as a literary device; a literary description of or commentary on a visual work of art

Trope

A common or cliched plot device, idea, or theme in a creative work