CH_42_Circulation_and_Gas_Exchange_ppt-2

Circulatory System

A system that circulates gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, antibodies, and heat throughout the body.

Open Circulatory System

A system found in some invertebrates where blood is not completely contained within vessels and is called hemolymph.

Closed Circulatory System

A system in which blood is confined to vessels, distinct from interstitial fluid, found in Annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates.

Single Circulation

A system where blood passes through two capillary beds before returning to the heart; found in bony fishes.

Double Circulation

A system where oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood are pumped separately from different sides of the heart, as seen in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

Heart Chambers

The atria have thin walls and collect blood, while ventricles have thicker walls and pump blood.

Capillaries

Small, thin-walled vessels where chemical exchange occurs between blood and tissues.

Gas Exchange

The process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide, occurring at specialized respiratory surfaces.

Gills

Specialized structures for gas exchange in aquatic animals, utilizing a countercurrent exchange system.

Lungs

Infolding of body surfaces that facilitate gas exchange in terrestrial animals.

Oxygen Exchange

The process where oxygen from the lungs binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells for transport to tissues.

Hemolymph

The fluid found in open circulatory systems that functions similarly to blood.

Blood Pressure

The pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

Cardiac Cycle

The rhythmic contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) phases of the heart.

Sickle-Cell Disease

A genetic disorder caused by abnormal hemoglobin that can deform red blood cells and block blood vessels.

Lymphatic System

A system that returns excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and plays a role in immunity.

Diffusion

The process by which small molecules move across cell membranes, including gas exchange in capillaries.

Filtration

The process involved in the movement of small particles and water through the permeable membrane of capillaries.

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure exerted by solutes in the blood, influencing fluid movement between blood and interstitial fluid.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between air and blood.

COVID-19 Effects on Respiratory System

COVID-19 can cause inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs, impairing gas exchange.

Circulatory System Regulation

The regulation of the circulatory system involves autonomic control of heart rate, blood pressure, and the distribution of blood flow.

Respiratory Control Center

The area in the brain that regulates the rate and depth of breathing based on carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the blood.

Pulmonary Circulation

The part of the circulatory system responsible for the movement of blood between the heart and lungs for gas exchange.

Systemic Circulation

The portion of the circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Countercurrent Exchange

A mechanism in gills where water flows in the opposite direction to blood flow, maximizing oxygen absorption.

Ventilation

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange.

Oxygen Saturation

The measure of how much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin in the blood, indicating the efficiency of oxygen transport.

Baroreceptors

Sensory receptors that detect changes in blood pressure and help regulate heart function and vessel dilation.

Hemoglobin Affinity

The strength of hemoglobin's attachment to oxygen, which can be altered by factors like pH and carbon dioxide concentration.

Bicarbonate Buffer System

A system that helps maintain pH balance in blood and is involved in carbon dioxide transport and gas exchange.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and return carbon dioxide to the lungs.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Cells that are part of the immune system and help the body fight infection and disease.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Cell fragments that play a key role in blood clotting and wound repair.

Plasma

The liquid component of blood that carries cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen, facilitating its transport throughout the body.

Blood Volume

The total amount of blood in the circulatory system, typically around 5-6 liters in an adult.

Antibodies

Proteins produced by white blood cells that identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.

Blood Clotting Cascade

A series of biochemical events that lead to the formation of a blood clot to prevent excessive bleeding.

Blood Type

Classification of blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

Serum

The liquid that remains after blood has clotted, containing antibodies and other proteins.