Pediatrics Growth and Development Lecture Notes

This flashcard set covers essential pediatric growth and development concepts, including age stages, milestones, reflexes, psychological theories, and newborn care based on the lecture transcript.

Growth

A quantitative change characterized by an increase in size, such as height and weight.

Development

A qualitative change involving advancement from a lower to a more advanced stage, including skills and abilities.

Maturation

An increase in competence and adaptability regarding an individual's capabilities.

Cephalocaudal

A predictable pattern of growth and development that proceeds from head to toe.

Proximodistal

A predictable pattern of growth and development that proceeds from the center of the body outward, also known as near-to-far.

Neonate

An age distribution category for newborns younger than $1$ month old.

Infant

Commonly refers to a child who is less than $1$ year old.

Toddler

An age distribution category for children aged $1$ to $3$ years old.

Preschooler

Also known as early childhood, referring to children aged $3$ to $6$ years old.

School Age

Also known as middle childhood, referring to children aged $6$ to $12$ years old.

Adolescence

Children and teenagers aged $12$ to $18$ years old, extending up to $21$ years old.

Failure to Thrive

A condition in neonates where weight loss exceeds $1$ lb, indicating an inability to adapt to the environment.

Diaphysis Elongation

The skeletal growth process responsible for the increase in height.

Calcitriol

Vitamin D, which is essential for the better absorption of Calcium.

Denver Developmental Screening Test

A tool used to determine if a child's development is delayed, normal, or advanced across four categories.

Solitary Play

A type of play where the child plays alone, typical of the infancy stage.

Parallel Play

A type of play where children play independently but among other children, typical of toddlers.

Cooperative Play

Also known as associative play, where preschoolers play together and engage in similar activities.

Rooting Reflex

A reflex where stroking the cheek causes the infant to turn toward the stimulus for sucking; indicates breastfeeding readiness.

Babinski Reflex

A reflex where stroking the sole of the foot causes the toes to fan out; its presence in age beyond toddlerhood may indicate a GLIOMA.

Moro Reflex

A startle reflex triggered by sudden movement or motion.

Posterior Fontanelle

A triangular-shaped opening that typically closes by the age of $2$ months.

Anterior Fontanelle

A diamond-shaped opening that typically closes by the age of $18$ months.

SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, which can be caused by prone sleeping, cosleeping, or soft bedding.

Stranger Anxiety

An emotional milestone occurring at $6$ months; its absence may suggest Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Deciduous Teeth

Also known as milk teeth, the set of $20$ teeth that is typically complete by age $3$.

Object Permanence

The developmental milestone occurring at $10$ months where the infant understands objects continue to exist even when not seen.

Cruising

A motor milestone at $11$ months where the infant walks while holding on to furniture.

Craniosynostosis

The premature closure of sutures in a newborn's skull.

Physiologic Jaundice

A normal occurrence in newborns starting after $24$ hours of birth due to liver immaturity.

Meconium

The first passage of stool in a newborn; it is sterile, sticky, and should occur within $24$ to $48$ hours.

Meconium Ileus

A condition where meconium is not passed, which may be a possible indicator of Cystic Fibrosis.

Evaporation

Heat loss that occurs when the body is wet and water turns into vapor.

Convection

Heat loss due to surrounding air, such as being placed near electric fans or air conditioning vents.

Conduction

The transfer of heat from the body to a colder surface through direct contact.

Vernix Caseosa

An oily substance on newborn skin that provides protection against infection and aids in thermoregulation.

Ophthalmia Neonatorum

An eye infection in newborns often caused by Chlamydia; prevented with Erythromycin ($0.5\%$) ointment.

RA 7600

The Rooming-in and Breastfeeding Act of 1992.

Colostrum

The first form of breast milk, which is high in IgA protein and low in SODIUM.

RA 9288

The Newborn Screening Act of 2004.

Galactosemia

A metabolic disorder where the body cannot metabolize galactose, requiring the avoidance of dairy and Penicillin.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

The inability to metabolize phenylalanine into tyrosine; diagnosed via the Guthrie Test.

G6PD Deficiency

A condition lacking an enzyme that protects RBCs, leading to hemolytic anemia when triggered by Fava beans or Aspirin.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erik Erikson's psychosocial stage for infants, focusing on the consistent provision of basic needs.

Egocentrism

A cognitive characteristic in toddlers (Preoperational stage) where they cannot see the point of view of others.

FLACC Scale

A pain assessment tool for young children measuring Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability.

Wong-Baker Scale

A Faces Pain Rating Scale used for children as young as $3$ years old.

Foramen Ovale

A fetal heart hole that should close at birth to become the Fossa Ovalis.

Ductus Arteriosus

A fetal vessel that should close at birth to become the Ligamentum Arteriosum; failure to close results in PDA.

Thelarche

The onset of breast development during the adolescent puberty stage.