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What are the 2 lineages of Dinosaruia?
Ornithischia and saurischia
WHat lineage of dinosaurs led to birds?
Therapod dinosaurs
What are the 3 avian characteristics?
pneumitized skeleton, improved lung ventilation, and fused bony sternum/furcula
What original purpose did feathers evolve?
for insulation, communication and manuerability
Why was reduction in isze critical for flight?
so that birds can weigh less enough for lift.
What structural changes needed to happen for birds to evolve into the modern Neornithes?
modified feet for perching
What specializations do birds have for flight?
hollow bones, enlarged sternum, and eggs with a hard but light shell
What specializations do birds have for foraging and digestion?
Kertain beak, gizzard, and crop for food storage
What limb and movement specializations do birds have?
elongated hind feet, 4 toes,
How is a birds sex determined?
Female: ZW, Male: ZZ
What does it mean for young to be prococial?
offspring are ready for the world
What does it mean for young to be Altricial?
Offspring are naked and helpless and require care
Is monogamy or polygamy more common in birds?
monogamy
Which species would be more dimorphic in color or size; a polygamous or monogamous species? Why
polygamous, because there is more competition
How do the attractive colors and ornaments of birds support the good genes hypothesis? Specifically, what about peacocks?
Yes, because it showed that more offspring survived.
How do birds produce sound? Which taxa of birds produce sound?
Through their twin vocal cords in a syrinx
What is a dialect? How does vocal learning contribute to the formation of dialects?
A form of language that is specific to an area
Is migration common in birds? What are the costs and benefits?
only 40% migrate.The benefuts include saved energy, breed, and more food.
What were the 3 major radiations of the synapsids?
Pelycosaurs, Therapsids, and cyndonts.
As synapsids evolved from mammal-like reptiles to the modern mammals, what changes in features occurred?
Greater teeth specialization, endothermic, more jaw bones, and upright posture
What is unique about hair, skin, and nails/hooves of extant mammals?
It is made of keratin
What are the different teeth types?
Incisors, canines, premolars and molars.
How might lactation have evolved? Once lactation DID evolve…then what other importance did it have for mammals…in terms of teeth development in juveniles, immune system, facial system?
Original role was pheromone producers, and when it evolved, the delay of teeth development occurred so the young can lactate without hurting the mother.
What are the advantages of lactating?
store fat and use fat to make milk,
What is brown fat? Why is it important in mammals?
A type of tissue with more mitochondria. Its important for thermoregulation
Why is vision poor in most mammals
Because mammals lost cone cells early on
Who are the modern mammals?
eutheria, methatheria, and monothremes
What evidence indicates that Monotremes are the most phylogenetically basal group of mammals?
They lay eggs, and are mesotherms
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