Chemistry Honors: Electrons and the Periodic Table

Wave-Particle Duality

Certain properties of light are best described by think of light as aw wave or as a particles. Behaves as a particles or wave.

Photon

One particle of light

Light Wave Behaviour

Light is electromagnetic radiation when treated like a wave. Made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Travels at a constant speed of 3.00×10 to the 8th meters per second in a vacuum, slightly slower in a medium.

Amplitude

Is the height of the light wave. Determines the brightness or intensity.

Wave Length

Is the distance between two crests of a wave (in meters). Determines the lights color.

Frequency

Is the number of waves that pass by a point in a given number of time. Measured in sto the -1 or Hertz (Hz).

Converting meters to nano meters

# x 10 to the -9th

Converting nanometers to meters

# x 10 to the 9th.

Speed of Light (C)

3.00 × 10⁸

Plancks Constant

6.626 × 10^-34 J x s

Ground State

Lowest energy state for the electrons in an atom

Excited State

Any higher energy state for an atom. Not permanent.

Relaxation

The process of release energy to a lower energy state. Released in from of light.

Quantum

The minimum amount of energy that an atom can absorb or release.

Rydeberg Equation

Energy= -2.178 x^-18 (1/n_f² - 1/n_i² )

Electron Behaviour

Electrons act like particles and wave. Have to exist on energy levels, not between energy levels.

Aufbau Principle

Fill electrons into low energy orbitals first.

Hunds Rule

One electron in each orbital of a p, d, or, f before pairing.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two electrons can have an identical position.

Quantum Number

Describe the properties of an electron in an atom. n, l, m_l, m_{s .} N is shell of the electron. l describes the subshells, can be any number that is (n-1). m_l Describes the orbital in the subshells, whole numbers that go from -# to +#. m_s describes the spin, can either be +1/2 (spin up or -1/2 (spin down).

Atomic radius