BIO 101 Chapter 2B Obj jc

Organic molecule

a compound containing carbon and hydrogen

Hydrocarbons

a compound with just carbon and hydrogen

How does the structure of carbon contribute to the diversity of organic molecules?

its ability to have 4 different covalent bonds, unique bonding capabilities with 4 valence electrons

Structural isomer

same molecular formula arranged differently

Four classes of large organic molecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

Monomer

single unit of polymer, a building block thats used to create something larger

Polymer

collection of monomers, large complex molecules formed by linking monomers

Dehydration synthesis

enzyme removes hydroxyl group from one molecule and hydrogen atom from another, forming H2O and a new covalent bond between the molecules, loss of water

Hydrolysis

splitting covalent bonds between monomers by adding water, one molecule receives hydroxyl group and another receives a hydrogen atom

Carbohydrates

compound containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1,2,1)

Two main carbohydrate groups

simple and complex

Monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

Glycosidic bonds

covalent bonds that link monosaccharides

Disaccharides

two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

Oligosaccharides

3-99 monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

100+ monosaccharides

Energy storage polysaccharides in plants

Starch

Structural polysaccharide in plants

Cellulose

Energy storage polysaccharides in animals

Glycogen

Structural polysaccharide in animals

Chitin

Monomer of proteins

amino acid

Chemical arrangement of amino acids

Amino group, carboxyl group, r group, central carbon, hydrogen

Number of types of amino acids

20

Peptide bond

bond formed through dehydration synthesis between amino acids

Peptides

3-99 amino acids

Dipeptides

2 amino acids

Polypeptides

100+ amino acids.

Proteins

Polypeptide(s) folded into functional 3D shape

One of the most important roles of proteins in cells

catalyst/enzyme, increase the rate of speed in reactions.

Protein denaturation

disrupt the protein shape so that its function is destroyed

Conditions for protein denaturation

extreme heat and extreme changes in pH

Types of proteins

Structural, contractile, transport, storage, enzyme, antibodies

Primary structure

Linear sequence

Secondary structure

Formation of sheets and coils

Tertiary structure

Overall shape

Quaternary structure

Two or more tertiary structures

Monomer of nucleic acids

Nucleotides

Two types of nucleic acids in cells

DNA and RNA

Main function of DNA

stores genetic information, unit of inheritance

Main function of RNA

carry out genetic information from DNA to ribosomes to guide the synthesis of protein, a copy of DNA

Nitrogenous bases found in BOTH DNA and RNA

A, C, G

Nitrogenous base found only in DNA

T

Nitrogenous base found only in RNA

U

Phosphodiester bonds

bonds that hold nucleotides together

Central dogma of biology

Proteins

Transcription

making a copy of the DNA, DNA to RNA

Translation

RNA to a protein