AP Euro Unit 2 Reading Quiz

Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that resulted in the establishment of Protestant churches and significant changes in the Catholic Church, sparked by figures such as Martin Luther and John Calvin.

benefices

Church positions or offices that provided income, often exploited for personal gain by clergy.

indulgences

Payments made to the Church to reduce punishment for sins, heavily criticized during the Reformation for their exploitation.

electors

Nobles or high-ranking officials in the Holy Roman Empire responsible for electing the emperor, significant in the political dynamics during the Reformation.

John Eck

A prominent Catholic theologian and opponent of Martin Luther during the Reformation, known for his debates and efforts to defend church doctrines.

Diet of Worms

An imperial council held in 1521 where Martin Luther was summoned to defend his beliefs and was declared an outlaw after refusing to recant.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor during the Reformation, who sought to maintain Catholic unity in his territories and dealt with the challenges posed by Protestant reformers.

Peasants’ revolt

A series of uprisings in 1524-1525 in the Holy Roman Empire, fueled by social and economic grievances, which sought to establish greater rights and reform within the church.

Anabaptists

A radical Christian sect that advocated for adult baptism, separation of church and state, and rejected infant baptism.

Urich Zwingli

Leader of the Reformation in Switzerland, known for his role in establishing a theocratic government in Zurich and for his beliefs in the importance of scripture over tradition.

Spiritualists

A religious group within the Reformation that emphasized personal spiritual experience and direct communion with God, often rejecting formal church structures and sacraments.

Antitrinitarians

A sect within the Reformation that rejected the doctrine of the Trinity, advocating for a unitarian view of God and emphasizing reason and scripture over established church dogma.

predestination

The doctrine that God has eternally chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned, emphasizing God's sovereignty in salvation.

John Calvin

A prominent theologian of the Reformation who developed the doctrine of predestination and emphasized the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation.

Augsburg Confession

A fundamental statement of Lutheran beliefs presented to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1530, outlining the theological differences between Lutherans and Roman Catholics.

Act of supremacy

Legislation passed by the English Parliament in 1534 that declared the king as the Supreme Head of the Church of England, effectively rejecting papal authority.

act of uniformity

Legislation enacted in 1549 that established the order of services and prayers for the Church of England, mandating the use of the Book of Common Prayer.

reformation parliament

A group of English Parliament sessions from 1529 to 1536 that facilitated the English Reformation, initiating changes in church governance and supporting Henry VIII's separation from the Catholic Church.

Counter-reformation

A movement within the Catholic Church beginning in the late 16th century aimed at reforming internal corruption and countering the Protestant Reformation, including the establishment of new religious orders and the Council of Trent.

St. Ignatius of Loyola

A Spanish priest and theologian who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1534. He emphasized education, missionary work, and devotion through the Spiritual Exercises.

Council of Trent

An ecumenical council of the Catholic Church held between 1545 and 1563, aiming to address issues of corruption, reform church practices, and clarify Catholic doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation. It played a key role in revitalizing the Catholic Church.

Presbyters

Ordained ministers in the Presbyterian Church who lead congregations and perform sacraments, emphasizing a distinct governance structure.

Counter-Reformation

A period of Catholic revival initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, characterized by internal reform, the establishment of new religious orders, and the reaffirmation of Catholic doctrines.

baroque

An artistic and architectural style that flourished from the late 16th century to the early 18th century, characterized by dramatic use of light and shadow, bold colors, and exuberant detail, often associated with the Counter-Reformation.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by Calvinism, who faced persecution and conflict with Catholics during the Wars of Religion.

Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

A massacre of thousands of Huguenots in France on August 24, 1572, during the French Wars of Religion, which marked a turning point in the conflict between Catholics and Protestants.

Catholic League

A coalition of Catholic states in France formed to counter the influence of the Protestant Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion, playing a significant role in the conflict.

Peace of Beaulieu

A treaty signed in 1576 that temporarily granted civil rights to Huguenots in France and aimed to end hostilities during the French Wars of Religion.

Cardinal Granvelle

A prominent Spanish churchman and statesman in the 16th century who served as a cardinal and played a key role in the Catholic Counter-Reformation efforts in the Low Countries. He sought to strengthen Catholic authority and suppress Protestantism.

duke of alba

A Spanish nobleman and military leader who served under King Philip II of Spain, known for his harsh measures against Protestantism in the Netherlands during the 16th century, including the establishment of the Council of Troubles.

william of orange

A leader of the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule in the 16th century, known for his role in the fight for independence and the promotion of religious tolerance.

Pacification of Ghent

A 1576 agreement among the provinces of the Netherlands to unite against Spanish rule and achieve religious tolerance, aimed at ending the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants.