Exploring 3D and 4D Art Media and Techniques
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100 Terms
medium
art material
media
more than one art material
mixed media
an artwork made from more than one art material
Two-Dimensional art
Drawing, painting, printmaking
Three-Dimensional art
Sculpture, installation, kinetic art
Four-Dimensional art
time-based art including video, performance, and new media
For the Love of God
A sculpture by Damien Hirst made from more than 8,600 diamonds, includes real human teeth, and is a platinum skull cast from a real human skull.
Momento Mori
A theme represented in Damien Hirst's work 'For the Love of God'.
freestanding sculptures
Sculptures that can be viewed from different sides and usually can be walked around.
relief sculptures
Sculptures designed to only be seen from one side and project from a background surface.
Low relief
The amount of projection from the background surface is limited.
High relief
When more than half of the sculpted form projects from the background surface.
Pottery/Clay
A material used in three-dimensional art.
Fabric/Textiles
A material used in three-dimensional art.
Woven objects
A material used in three-dimensional art.
Furniture
A material used in three-dimensional art.
Jewelry
A material used in three-dimensional art.
Glass
A material used in three-dimensional art.
Paper sculpture
A material used in three-dimensional art.
Monumental Heads
Moai statue, c. 15th century, made of volcanic tufa from Easter Island (Rapa Nui), Polynesia.
Relief Carving
A type of sculpture that can be low relief or high relief.
Carving
The removal of material to form an art object.
Modeling
An additive process in which pliable materials like clay, wax, or plaster are built up to create a final form.
Casting
A process that replaces or substitutes an initial sculptural material (such as wax or clay) with another.
Assembly
The process of manually attaching objects and materials together to create an art form.
Kinetic Art
Art that moves or appears to move.
Installation Art
Art that focuses on transforming an interior or exterior space with art.
Site-Specific Installation
Art designed for a specific location, often immersive for the viewer.
Assemblage
A form of art that combines found objects or ready-mades into a cohesive work.
Subtractive Process
A method of creating art by removing material from a larger block.
Additive Process
A method of creating art by adding material to form a shape.
Bronze Casting
A casting process usually involving bronze, an alloy of copper and tin.
Natural Light in Art
The use of sunlight or ambient light as a part of the artwork's experience.
Dimensions of Sculpture
Height, width, and depth are the three primary dimensions of sculpture.
Lost Wax Casting Process
A method of metal casting in which a molten metal is poured into a mold that has been created by means of a wax model.
Installation Specificity
Art that is designed for a particular site, enhancing its characteristics.
Height of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Running Fence
18 feet high.
Length of Running Fence
24 1/2 miles long.
Weight of Richard Serra's sculptures
Each sculpture weighs between 44 to 276 tons.
Dimensions of Eagle Knight Sculpture
5' 6 7/8" × 3' 1 1/2" × 1' 9 5/8".
Video
Video art uses projected moving images.
Surfaces
Monitors, walls, buildings, etc.
Light
Used as a medium in video art.
Projection Mapping
Another use of video projection where objects are spatially mapped into a virtual program that allows an image to conform to the surface once the imagery is projected.
Performance Art
A live-action event staged as an artwork, where the human body is the prime element.
Marina Abramović
An artist known for pushing limits with her preferred media: her body and mind.
The Artist is Present
A performance by Marina Abramović where she met the gaze of 1,000 strangers for nearly three months, eight hours a day.
Ulay and Marina
Two performance artists whose 12-year collaborative partnership culminated in a pilgrimage along the Great Wall of China.
The Lovers
In 1988, Ulay and Abramović began at opposite ends of the Great Wall of China and trekked for three months to meet at its center.
6,000-kilometer pilgrimage
The distance Ulay and Abramović traveled on foot during their journey along the Great Wall of China.
New Media
Refers to interactive artworks such as Digital Art, Computer Animation, Video Games, Animation, Robotics, and 3D Printing.
Digital Art
A form of new media art that utilizes digital technology as an essential part of the creative or presentation process.
Computer Animation
A form of new media art that involves creating moving images using computer graphics.
Video Games
Interactive digital entertainment that can be considered a form of new media art.
Robotics
A field of new media art that incorporates robotic technology into artistic expression.
3D Printing
A process of creating three-dimensional objects from a digital file, often used in new media art.
Tony Oursler
An artist known for his work 'Junk' which features fiberglass sculpture and DVD projection.
Marina Abramović, The Artist is Present, 2010
A performance at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, from March 9 to May 31, 2010.
Sean Kelly Gallery
The gallery where Marina Abramović's work 'The Lovers' was exhibited in 1988.
Mutual gaze
A significant aspect of Marina Abramović's performance where participants locked eyes with her.
Optional Video
A video that discusses performance art, which includes nudity and sexual content that some may find uncomfortable.
Albright-Knox Art Gallery
The location where Tony Oursler's 'Junk' is part of the collection.
MEDIA - 2D
Two-Dimensional
Colored Pencils
A type of two-dimensional media used for drawing.
Markers
A type of two-dimensional media used for drawing.
Watercolor paint
A type of two-dimensional media used for painting.
Oil paint
A type of two-dimensional media used for painting.
Acrylic paint
A type of two-dimensional media used for painting.
Tempera paint
A type of two-dimensional media used for painting.
Fresco
A type of two-dimensional media used for painting.
Silverpoint
A drawing made using flexible metals like silver, pewter, and gold.
Pastels
Finely ground colored pigment and binder combined to make handheld color blocks.
Collage
A technique of creating art by assembling different materials.
Photography
The art of capturing images using a camera.
Printmaking
The process of creating artworks by printing, typically on paper.
Drawing
One of the oldest forms of art making, usually a combination of observation and mark-making.
Charcoal
Made from wood or other organic material that has been burned without oxygen.
Conté Crayon
Similar to compressed charcoal, made from sticks of graphite or charcoal combined with wax or clay.
Metalpoint
Requires a rough or prepared surface with 'tooth' to hold the marks and tarnishes over time.
Graphite
A crystalline form of carbon mixed with clay used for drawing.
Ink
A combination of a colored pigment and a binder suspended in a liquid.
Painting
A specialized form of drawing that refers to using brushes to apply colored liquids to a support.
Red Figure Kylix
490 BCE. Slip on clay, 1' 1" diameter. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
Pigments
Intense colors in powder form.
Binder
Substance into which pigment is blended, holds the components together when dry.
Encaustic
Hot beeswax mixed with pigment.
Tempera
Water mixed with pigment.
Oil
Linseed oil mixed with pigment.
Encaustic (definition)
One of the most ancient forms of painting media, pigments are mixed into hot beeswax and blended until cool.
Fresco (definition)
Used for large murals painted directly on walls.
Fresco secco
Paint is applied to a dry plaster wall.
Buon fresco
True fresco, pigment is diluted with water and applied to wet plaster.
Watercolors
Pigments suspended in a gum arabic binder (a natural water-soluble glue).
Gouache
Watercolor with white chalk added to create an opaque paint.
Traditional tempera paint
Consists of pigments mixed with egg yolk.
Airbrush
Small spray gun about the size of a pen, which compresses air through the airbrush and atomizes the liquid paint.
Aerosol cans
Spray paint sold commercially in cans containing compressed air and quick-drying permanent paint.
Relief (printmaking method)
One of the three main methods of printmaking.
Intaglio (printmaking method)
One of the three main methods of printmaking.
Planographic (printmaking method)
One of the three main methods of printmaking.