Anatomy 3 exam

gg your even more cooked than before the fries are actually in the bag now

Pathway of Bloodflow

Arteries, arterole, Capillary, venule, Vein

3 layers of blood vessels

There are 3 tunics

Tunica intima

Tunica media

tunica adventitia or externa.

Parts of the aorta

Ascending aorta

Arch of aorta

Descending aorta

Major Arteries – Abdomen and Pelvis (first)

Descending aorta > abdominal aorta

Major Arteries – Abdomen and Pelvis 2

Abdominal aorta > left and right common iliac arteries

Major Arteries – Abdomen and Pelvis 3

Common iliac arteries > internal and external iliac arteries

Arterial Supply to the Upper Extremity

Subclavean> axillary> brachial and deep brachial> radial and ulnar arteries> palmar arches

Deep Brachial Artery

Supplies blood to the triceps brachii muscles collateral to radial and ulnar arteries

Arterial supply to the Head 1

Common carotid artery> external and internal carotid arteries

How blood is supplied to circle of Willis

Internal carotid artery  Carotid canal  Foramen Lacerum  middle cranial fossa Vertebral artery  Transverse foramina  Foramen Magnum  Basilar artery  posterior cranial fossa

Circle of Willis

Internal Carotid Artery >Anterior & Middle Cerebral Arteries > Anterior Cerebral > R & L Vertebral arteries > Basilar artery > R & L Posterior Cerebral Arteries > Middle Cerebral > Posterior Communicating >. Posterior Cerebral

Arterial Supply to the Lower Extremity 1

Abdominal Aorta bifurcates to form the Left & Right Common Iliac arteries

Arterial Supply to the Lower Extremity 2

External iliac > Femoral >Popliteal >Anterior & Posterior Tibial

Arterial Supply to the Lower Extremity Genicular arteries

Genicular arteries = Collateral Circulation around the Knee

Fibular Arteries supply

(to Fibularis longus and brevis muscles)

Posterior Tibial artery Supply

arterial supply to the Plantar foot

Anterior tibial artery supply

Muscles of the Anterior compartment of leg and Dorsum of foot

Arterial Supply to the Lower Extremity Of the foot

Anterior Tibial >medial malleolus > Dorsalis Pedis > Arcuate artery

Veins of head and neck

The Internal Jugular joins the Subclavian Vein.

Collateral supply of foot

Arcuate artery Anterior Tibial anastomosis with Posterior Tibial artery to form collateral circulation to the foot.

Arterial Supply to the Thorax 1

Arterial supply to Intercostal muscles of respiration

Arterial Supply to the Thorax

Internal Thoracic artery >Respiratory Diaphragm

Arterial Supply to the Thorax 3

Internal Thoracic artery > Anterior Intercostal arteries

Arterial supply to the Abdomen

Abdominal aorta> Celiac trunk >Superior mesenteric > Inferior mesenteric

Arteries of the Abdomen 2

Renal arteries

Arteries of the Abdomen 3

Gonadal arteries

Gonads (ovaries) or testes

Arterial Supply to the Pelvis and Gluteal region

Common iliac > internal + external iliac

Arterial Supply to the Pelvis and Gluteal region 2

Pelvic organs> Internal iliac > bladder uterus vagina rectum and gluteal muscles

Internal iliac supply

Internal iliac  Superior Gluteal Artery  Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus, and Tensor Fascia Lata muscles Inferior Gluteal artery  Gluteus Maximus muscle

Superficial Veins of the Lower Extremity Superficial veins are in the Superficial fascia or Hypodermis.

Great Saphenous vein And Small Saphenous vein

During inhalation or inspiration:

Respiratory Diaphragm contracts and flattens to increase volume of thorax

Innervation: Phrenic Nerve Intercostal muscles contract to elevate ribs and increase volume of thorax

Innervation: Intercostal Nerve

During exhalation or expiration:

Diaphragm relaxes to a dome shape which decreases the volume of the thorax Intercostal muscles relax to allow ribs to return to depress to a lower position and decrease the volume of the thorax Abdominal muscles can assist to depress the sternum and ribs and decrease the volume of the thorax

Control of Ventilation

Medulla Oblongata sets a baseline ventilatory rate

 Increase in ventilation rate:

 Stretch receptors in the smooth muscle of BronchoPulmonary

segments

 Increased lung inflation

 chemoreceptors respond to decreases in O2, or pH in the blood

Conduction Zone

Conducting = Ventilation, breathing, airway

Respiratory Zone = O2 / CO2 exchange

Respiratory = exchange of Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

External Respiration = exchange between air and blood (in Lungs)

Internal Respiration = exchange between blood and tissues

Ala

Wing

External Nare also called nostril

Vestibule = “entrance” or “atrium”

Vibrissae = “nose hairs”

(skin = stratified squamous epithelium)

What is the Upper Respiratory System lined by

Respiratory Mucosa

Internal Nare or Choana

Channels to the throat behind nasal conchae

Hard palate

Anterior front room of mouth made of maxilla and palatine bones

Soft palate

Forms the posterior roof of the mouth more flexible and mobile

Nasal Septum

Perpendicular Plate of ethmoid bone and the Vomer

Nasal Conchae

3 layers

Superior (ethmoid bone)

Middle (ethmoid bone)

Inferior (a cranial bone)

Meatus of the nasal cavities

canal” or “channel”, located between Conchae The middle meatus also contains: Openings into the paranasal sinuses

Ethmoid bulla

Semilunar hiatus

middle meatus Openings into the paranasal sinuses

Ethmoid bulla

Semilunar hiatus

Respiratory Epithelium

Epithelium = Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium and Goblet cells

Function of mucosa

Secretion of mucus, protection, and absorption (in some areas)

Olfactory Epithelium

specialized supporting cells and glands + Olfactory Receptor Cells Olfactory epithelium is located in the Nasal Cavity, below cribriform plate

Let’s you smell

Paranasal Sinuses are named for the bones in-which they are housed

Frontal

Ethmoidal

Sphenoidal

Maxillary

Pharynx is composed of 3 parts:

(1) naso-pharynx (behind nasal cavity and above soft palate)

(2) oro-pharynx (behind oral cavity soft palate to the top of the epiglottis)

(3) laryngo-pharynx( epiglottis to the esophagus)

naso-pharynx

Posterior to Nasal Cavity Passage way for air Contains the following structures: Opening of Pharyngotympanic or Auditory Tube Pharyngeal Tonsil (lymphatic tissue) Lined by Respiratory Epithelium

oro-pharynx

from Fauces to uvula & hyoid bone

Posterior to Oral Cavity Contains the following structures:

Palatine Tonsil (lymphatic tissue)

Lingual Tonsil (lymphatic tissue)

Epiglottis (elastic cartilage) Passage for both air and food Lined by stratified squamous epithelium (same as oral cavity)

laryngo-pharynx

From level of hyoid bone to level of cricoid cartilage of trachea Posterior to Larynx Passage for both air and food

Contains the following structures:

Opening into the Larynx (“voice-box”)

Lined by stratified squamous epithelium (same as oral cavity)

Larynx

is often called the “voice-box” Passage for air (ventilation) and for vocalization (producing sound)

Larynx becomes Trachea at Cricoid Cartilage

Glottis, Rima Glottidis, Epiglottis

opening into larynx

“rim around the glottis” or the ring-shape

a flap that bends to close the opening (elastic cartilage)

Vestibule

entrance of the Larynx

Vestibular fold or false vocal-cord function

Protection

Vocal fold or true vocal-cord

Sound protection

There are 4 cartilages which support the Larynx

Thyroid = “shield-shape”

Arytenoid = “resembles a pitcher”

Cricoid = “ring-shaped”

Corniculate = “horn-shaped”

Vocal Cords = Vocal Ligament + mucosa (“Fold”)

Vocal ligament extends from thryroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilage Laryngitis or Laryngeal Inflammation is caused by inflamed vocal cords

The Vagus nerve (CN X)

Motor innervation to muscles of vocalization Sensory to Larynx

Cartilages of the Larynx

Epiglottis = elastic cartilage

All laryngeal cartilages = hyaline Trachea

(“C”-shaped rings) = hyaline

The Trachea

Begins inferior to Larynx at the Cricoid Cartilage

Lined by Respiratory Epithelium or Respiratory Mucosa

Held open by “C”-shaped Cartilaginous Rings (hyaline cartilage)

Posterior side is soft – in contact with Esophagus

The Trachea Bifurcates

Bifurcates into Right and Left Primary Bronchi

Ridge at bifurcation called Carina (“shaped like the keel of a boat”)(highly innervated)

An asymmetrical bifurcation pattern

Surface Landmark of bifurcation is the Sternal Angle

Primary Bronchi bifurcate to form Secondary Bronchi 3 secondary bronchi on right side Right Primary Bronchus 2 secondary bronchi on left side

The Lungs Lobes

Right lung = 3 lobes

Left lung = 2 lobes (heart)

Right lung features

Right lung = 3 lobes

Oblique fissure and Horizontal Fissure

Left lung features

2 lobes (heart)

Oblique fissure

Cardiac impression

Cardiac notch

CardioPulmonary (“Heart” – “Lung”) Circulation

Heart >Lungs Lungs > Heart

Circulate between systematic circulation at the end.

CardioPulmonary (“Heart” – “Lung”) Circulation

Blood Flows from Heart  Lungs and Lungs  Heart

External Respiration

Gas exchange occurs between blood vessels (capillaries) and Lung (alveolus)

How oxygen gets to the lungs

Pulmonary arteries – carry deoxygenated blood to Lungs

Pulmonary veins – return oxygenated blood to Heart

Root of the Lung

Note the difference between the right and left root

Structures from superior to inferior

Right lung: Bronchi  Arteries  Veins

Left lung: Arteries  Bronchi  veins

Root of the Lung nerves

The Vagus and Phrenic nerves descend side-by-side through the neck They can be distinguished distally as ………

the Phrenic nerve travels over the root of the lung the Vagus nerve travels deep to the root of the lung

Pleura

The Serous Membrane that surrounds the Lungs

Two components = Visceral Pleura (touching viscera/ “organ”) & Parietal Pleura (touching the thoracic “wall”)

Serous Membrane

simple squamous epithelium producing lubricating serous fluid

Structures of the parietal pleura

Parietal Pleura has many regions = Cupola (“dome”),

Costal (“rib”). Diaphragmatic (diaphragm),

Mediastinal (“in the middle”)

Conduction Zone Of the lungs

Trachea & Primary Bronchus

• respiratory epithelium

2. Secondary Bronchus also called Lobar Bronchus

3. Bronchiole

4. Terminal Bronchiole (smallest bronchiole) • simple cuboidal epithelium

Trachea & Primary Bronchus

* respiratory epithelium

• Cartilagenous Rings

Secondary Bronchus

Cartilagenous Plates

Bronchiole

absence of Cartilage

Terminal Bronchiole

simple cuboidal epithelium

Respiratory Zone

Oxygen & CO2 exchange

• Respiratory bronchioles

• contain alveoli

• Alveolar Sacs

• terminal clusters of alveoli

• Alveolus (gas-filled air-exchange chamber)

• most of lung volume

• simple squamous cells form chambers

• these cells are also called “Type-I cells”

Alveolus

(gas-filled air-exchange chamber)

• most of lung volume

• simple squamous cells form chambers

• these cells are also called Type-I cells

Type-I cells = simple squamous cells that form chambers

• Type-II cells = surfactant secreting simple cuboidal cells

• Alveolar macrophages also called Dust cells (macrophages)

Respiratory membrane

“Air-blood barrier”

Alveolus (squamous epithelium) + Capillary (squamous epithelium)

The Lymphatic system Hierarchy

Cells lymphoid cells = lymphocytes lymphatic capillaries, vessels, and ducts

Tissues “aggregate lymph tissue” superficial fascia >> extracellular or lymphatic fluid

Organs Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph node

Functions of the Lymphatic system

Return extracellular fluid back to circulatory system

Returns 3L per day

Transports nutrients hormones and waste

Functions of the Lymphatic system #2

#2

Provides sophisticated defense (“Immunosurveillance”)

Chemotaxis = chemical signal produced from WBCs

Diapedesis = "through" + "walking"

Out of capillaries >> into interstitial space >> into lymph capillary Fight infection

Lymphatic Capillary Flap

opens for uptake of Fluid and Cells

Lymphatic system versus Circulatory system

Relies on valves there is no pump unlike in the circulatory system

Lymph Nodes

filter Lymph Fluid

Lymphatic Vessels Function

absorb lipid (fat) from the Small Intestine Transportation of lipid = Lacteal Duct (lymphatic) into circulator system

Lymphoid Cells

Two types of LYMPHOCYTES =

T-lymphocytes (these cells mature in the “Thymus")

and

B-lymphocytes (these cells mature in the “Bone Marrow")

T-lymphocytes

Cell-mediated“ or “Stabbing” killers

B-lymphocytes

Humoral mediated attack”

(immunoglobulins or antibodies) Produce and release antibodies into the bloodstream

LYMPH NODULES

germinal center of nodule - one dividing B-cell

Aggregate lymph Tissue

Does not have a capsule Lymph nodule with Germinal Center These are dividing B-lymphocytes.

Tonsils

They do not have a capsule

They are not glands

They are aggregate lymph tissue

Peyer's Patches and Tonsils

Aggregate lymph tissue

No capsule Mucosa

Associated Lymph Tissue or MALT Found only in the mucosa of the small intestine

Central organs

Can’t fight infection

(a) bone marrow

Hematopoeisis & matures B-lymphocytes

(b) Thymus

Site where newly formed T-cells (Thymocytes) become mature or Immunocompetent

Peripheral organs

major defense sites

(c) lymph nodes

filter antigens from lymph vessels These are also lymphocyte activation sites

(d) spleen

Filters Red Blood Cells and foreign antigens out of the blood