Chapter 13: Geographies of Energy and Industry

Economic activities are dependent on?

Economic activities are dependent on?

-Primary Activities - occur where appropriate resources are available. -Secondary Activities - they convert primary products into items of more value. -Tertiary Activities - are involved in moving, selling and trading the goods produced at the first two levels. -Quaternary Activities - specializes in assembling, transmitting, and processing information and controlling other business enterprises.

What does early location theory state?

Early day economists believed that industrial location was related to the location of agricultural food surpluses that could be used to feed industrial workers.

Tertiary Activities

________- are involved in moving, selling and trading the goods produced at the first two levels.

What are the related to location of area?

Relevant factors include -transport; -distance from raw material sources, -energy supplies, and the market, -availability of labour and capital, -the nature of the industrial product; internal and external economies -entrepreneurial uncertainty; and governmental considerations.

What is least cost theory?

Least-cost theory, developed by Weber and published in 1909, is a normative theory that identifies where industries ought to be located

What are common fossil fuel sources of energy?

Common sources: - Oil, Natural Gas and Coal.

1950s

During the ________ industrial development was based on a combination of large technology- intensive, state- funded factories and small labour- intensive, locally organized units.

What are two common ways of removing/extracting coal?

Coal is removed by two methods mainly; -opencast mining and -by ground mining

Australia

________ is a major supplier of the Asian market.

What are two common principal coal markets?

There are two principal regional coal markets, Western Europe (primarily the United Kingdom, Germany, and Spain) and East Asia (mainly Japan and South Korea). Australia is a major supplier of the Asian market.

Secondary Activities

________- they convert primary products into items of more value.

What does fordism mean?

The term Fordism refers to the methods of mass production first introduced by Henry Ford in 1920s America, particularly fragmentation of production—best illustrated by the use of assembly lines that reduced labour time and related costs.

What is outsourcing?

Outsourcing refers to the situation where a company hands work that was previously completed in-house to other firms.

Japan

During the 1950s and 1960s ________ excelled in heavy industry, particularly shipbuilding, but by the late 1960s the emphasis had shifted to automobiles and electronic products, and ________ has most recently focused on computers and biotechnology.

Infancy

________: Initial primary activities and domestic manufacturing.

special economic zones

The ________ have played a major role in the recent expansion of Chinese industrial activity.

Describe fordist system.

They gave workers the necessary income and leisure time to become consumers of the many new mass- produced goods.

What are two ways of transporting coal?

directly through pipelines or transportation in liquid form (LNG)

The global manufacturing system is dominated by three regions

North America, that is, the United States and Canada; Europe, particularly Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and western Russia; and Pacific Asia, especially Japan, South Korea, and eastern China

Four of the five principal centres are in the more developed world

eastern North America, Western Europe, western Russia and Ukraine, and Japan

Why are industries attracted to EPZ zones?

Because they are inexpensive land, buildings, energy, water, and transport; a range of financial concessions in such areas as import and export duties; and low workplace health and safety standards and an inexpensive labour force made up largely of young women, who are regarded as less likely than men to be disruptive and more willing to accept low wages and difficult working conditions.

Infancy

Initial primary activities and domestic manufacturing

Growth

The beginnings of a factory system

Maturity

Full-scale development of manufacturing and related infrastructure

Old age

Decline and inappropriate industrial activity resulting in a depressed economic region