spch 311 outline 11

frontal lobe; 1/3 of each hemisphere is in this lobew

what is the largest lobe?

located in the anterior portion of the frontal lobe

where is the prefrontal cortex?

cognition (reasoning, abstract thinking, and self monitoring)

personality, decision making, and social behavior (pragmatic behavior)

what 4 things is the prefrontal cortex associated with?

responsible for executive control, which is goal directed behavior (ordering our thinking to achieve goals)

what is the function of prefrontal cortex?

restraint, initiative, and order

3 things executive control includes

inhibition of inappropriate behaviors

what is restraint?

pursuit of productive activities (motivation and creativity)

what is initiative?

capacity to sequence info and events logically (reasoning, working memory, planning, insight, and organization

what is order?

results in depressive, apathetic behavior profile

damage to the lateral regions of prefrontal cortex...

result in a manic, impulsive behavior profile

damage to the anterior and medial regions of the prefrontal cortex...

near the edge of the frontal lobe at the lateral fissure

where is brocas area located?

pars triangularis and par opercularis

2 parts of brocas area

thought to support the interpretation of language, especially syntax, as well as the planning/ programming of verbal responses

explain pars triangularis

though to initiate and coordinate speech organs for the actual production of language

explain par opercularis

can cause broca's aphasia which is characterized by limited verbal output that is halting and effortful

- patients can also have co-occuring AOS which is characterized by difficult planning or programming the articulators for speech

damage to brocas area:

selecting and planning complex voluntary motor movements of the body (speech, hand and finger movements, and hand-eye coordination)

what is the premotor cortex involved in?

- can cause apraxia

- patients have trouble completing motor commands and tasks because they can't recruit the motor plan to execute the request

ex: showing peace sign when asked to salute

damage to the premotor cortex

on the precentral gyrus

where is the primary motor cortex located?

activates the motor plans of areas 44 and 6 by sending motor signals to muscles to move

function of primary motor cortex

can result in hemiparesis or hemiplegia

damage to primary motor cortex

spatial orientation and cross-modality integration

what is the parietal lobe concerned with?

postcentral gyrus

where is the primary sensory cortex located?

receives and perceives sensory information from the body

what does the primary sensory cortex recieve?

sensory fibers

___ __ from the thalamus project upward into the primary sensory cortex

vibration, proprioception, fine touch, pain, temperature, stereognosis

primary sensory cortex processes the following somatosensory info:

asterognosis (cant percieve 3D form)

loss of sensation to pain, touch, proprioception

patients can experience pahntom limb sensation

damage to the primary sensory cortex results in

influencing motor movements needed for fluent speech by providing sensory feedback

what is the role of the somatosensory association cortex?

writing circuit

research through functional mri has identified a ___ ___ in the somatosensory association cortex

- language area associated with reading and math abilities

- recognition/understanding of metaphors

what is the angular gyrus associated with?

results in disorders of reading (dyslexia), math (dyscalculia) and of language (aphasia)

damage to angular gyrus

inferior parietal lobule

the supramarginal gyrus is closely connected to the angular gyrus. these 2 together form the ___ ___ ___

phonological system in that it stores auditory representations of phonemes and phoneme combinations

what is the supramarginal involved in?

this helps us form the sounds of words

when we see a word in print...

when damaged, this area is associated with phonological dyslexia-type of mild dyslexia which involved difficulty sounding out new or nonwords

ex: phope might be read as phone

- unfamiliar words can often be misperceived as other known words

damage to the supramarginal gyrus

vision

what is the occipital lobe concerned with?

primary visual cortex which is where visual information is recieved and processed

what does the occipital lobe contain?

contralateral

the occipital lobe is ___ in nature

damage from stroke, TBI, or other problems can result in anton's syndrome which is blindness along with visual agnosia (denial of vision loss) resulting in confabulation about what they are seeing

explain damage in occipital lobe

memory, enables people to process sound and vision, and is crucial for recognizing objects and language

what does the temporal lobe play a role in?

associated with possible reading of facial emotions and auditory hallucinations

explain inferior temporal area

contains hippocampus which plays a role in declarative memory

explain parahippocampal gyrus

semantic and episodic

2 types of declarative memory

facts, common knowledge- not necessarily based on personal experience

what is semantic memory?

time related facts of autobiographical events- experiential, based on personal experiences

what is episodic memory?

the temporal and occipital lobes as well as recognition and remembering objects seen

- acts as a lexicon

what is fusiform gyrus a part of?

- can cause anomia (lacks of word recall) ad lexical agraphia (role of memory in writing, cant spell)

- damage here can be found in alzheimers patients

- visual agnosia (cant percieve/process what they see, although they see fine)

damage to the fusiform gyrus

receives and processes sensory info from the nose for the special sense of smell

- has conections to limbic system which means that smell and emotions are linked

ex: that smell remind me of...

what is the primary olfactory cortex ?

the writing area within the temporal lobe that contains heschl's gyrus which houses the primary and secondary auditory cortices

what is heschl's gyrus?

processes auditory information received through the auditory pathway

function of primary and secondary auditory cortices

tonotopically organized in that neurons at one end are more sensitive to higher frequencies while neurosnat other end are sensitive to lower frequencies and this corresponds to specific areas in the cochlea

how is the primary auditory cortex organized?

- can result in deafness

- auditory/verbal agnosia which is when one can hear a person talking but doesn't understand what they are saying (however they can often speak, read, and write)

damage to primary and secondary auditory cortices

auditory info, especially speech and language. however this is not the only cortical areas involved in the processing and understanding of speech

wernicke's area attached meaning to ....

- wernicke's apahasia: fluent aphasia-fluent verbal output but limited auditory comprehension

- language is filled with jargon and paraphasias-sound and word substitution

- written language is very much like spoken languag

- usually write in cursive

damage to wernicke's area

part of the limbic system and also plays a role in memory due to projections to the hippocampus via the parahippocampal gyrus

what is the cingulate cortex areas?

frontal, occipital, and temporal lobes

- it is a very well- connected area of brain tissue

what does the cingulate cortex areas connected with?

cognitive control (problem-solving) as well as perception od pain, autobiographical and managing risky behavior

functionally the cingulate cortex areas is involved with ?????

results in problem with memory

damage to the cingulate cortex areas

- folded up deep within the lateral sulcus

- aka insula

what is the insular cortex?

post dorsal and anterior portion

2 parts of insular cortex

involved in sensory/motor functions

explain post-dorsal of insular cortex

specializes in orofacial programs and emotions

explain anterior portion of insular cortex

lesions have here been associated with global aphasia- language disorder where very little residual skill remains

damage to insular cortex

ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

2 types of CVA

open head injury and closed injury

2 types of TBI

- non progressive brain disorder that affects movement, posture, and balance

- can also affect speech and or swallowing

- can occur before, during, or after birth

what is cerebral palsy?

- lack of oxygen

- premature birth

- infections

- brain hemorrhages

- jaundice

- head injury

causes of cerebral palsy

spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed

types of cerebral palsy

muscles stiffness and rigidity

explain spastic CP

involves muscle tone

explain dyskinetic CP

involves incoordination due to cerebellar damage

explain ataxic CP

involves more than one type of motor proble

explain mixed CP

a cerebral disorder due to some type of neurophysiological difference in those who stutter

- cause is unknown but sometimes genetic

what is stuttering?

our brains change by encoding learning experiences through new neuronal connections, our patients with some of the disorders recover from some of them due to neuroplasticity

explain brain plasticity