Grade 9 All Topics - Semester 2

What are rocky shore beaches made of?

Limestone

The surface of rocky shores have _____ and _______ due to being worn away by waves.

ridges and crevices

Plants and animals are provided __________ because of ridges and crevices in the rocks. (Rocky Shore)

shelter

What is the order of the zonation of rocky shores from inland to the ocean?

Splash Zone - High Tide Zone - Middle Tide Zone - Low Tide Zone

Which area is furthest from the shore? (Rocky Shore)

Splash Zone

Not much species live in the splash zone, and those do usually have ______. (Rocky Shore)

Shells

When is the high tide zone usually covered water? (Rocky Shore)

At high tide

Why are organisms who live in the high tide zone adapted to extensive dry periods? (Rocky Shore)

The area is mostly uncovered and is the last to be covered as the tide rises

Where are tide pools mostly found? (Rocky Shore)

Intertidal Zone

What are tide pools?

Pools of seawater in the depression of a rock

What area in the intertidal zone is usually concentrated? (Rocky Shore)

Tidal pools

How are tidal pools kept constantly wet?

Rain, sea spray, and waves

Which zone is always covered with water? (Rocky Shore)

Low Tide Zone

Which zone has the greatest biodiversity out of the rocky shore?

Low Tide Zone

In rocky shores, what two groups of organisms are usually found in high and intertidal zones?

Molluscs and Echinoderms

List 3 Organisms that live in the High Tide Zone (Rocky Shore).

Barnacle, Sea Lettuce, Periwinkle, Snowy Plover

List 3 Organisms that live in the Mid/Intertidal Tide Zone (Rocky Shore).

Mussels, Hermit Crab, Chiton, Sea Anemone, Sea Star

List 3 Organisms that live in the Low Tide Zone (Rocky Shore).

Sand Dollar, Shrimp, Sea cucumber, Sea urchin, Pismo Clam, Moon Snail

List 5 environmental conditions on rocky shores.

On the windward side of the island,

Strong Wave Action,

Exposure to Sun,

High Salinity,

Vulnerability to Predators,

Extreme variation to oxygen availability

What are 3 factors of sheltered beaches that make them different from exposed beaches?

Less wave action than exposed beaches, Found on leeward side of islands, Fine sand, Gently sloping beaches

What are 3 factors of exposed beaches that make them different from sheltered beaches?

More waves action than sheltered beaches, Found on windward side of islands, Coarse sand, Steep sloping beaches

What are the zones in sandy beaches from the sea to land?

Low Tide Zone - Intertidal Zone - High Tide Zone - Pioneer Zone - Fixed Dune Zone - Shrub Woodland Zone

Which zone is permanently wet (Sandy Shore)?

Low Tide Zone

Which zone always experiences wave action? (Sandy Beach)

Intertidal Zone

What is a wrack line?

A line of accumulated seaweed that was pushed up the beach at the high tide

How can someone recognize the upper edge of the intertidal zone? (Sandy Shore)

Looking at the wrack line

Where is the splash zone (Sandy Beach)?

Above the high tide mark

Where do plants start growing in sandy beaches?

Pioneer Zone

What types of plants normally live in the pioneer zone (Sandy Beach)?

Low growing vines

How do the plants that live in the pioneer zone help the beach? (Sandy Beach)

Their roots help to hold the sand in place

Which zone do sea turtles nest? (Sandy Beaches)

Pioneer Zone

What do the plants in Fixed Dune Zone do to help the ecosystem? List 2. (Sandy Beaches)

Trap windblown sand, which collects in their roots, building up the beach dune, Prevent erosion

What is the important plant in the fixed dune zone? (Sandy Beaches)

Sea oats

Which plant is dominant in the Seagrape Zone? (Sandy Beaches)

Seagrape trees

What is the scientific name for salt tolerant plants?

halophytes

What do some plants in the Scrub Woodland Zone do to conserve water? List 2 ways. (Sandy Beaches)

Use thick cuticles which reflect heat to reduce transpiration, Use deep roots to obtain water in the soil

As the sandy beach moves inland from the waters edge, ___, ____, ____, and ____. (List 4 Conditions of Zonation)

Wave action is reduced, The sand becomes drier, The sand becomes more stable with the addition of humus, The salinity decreases

What are 2 organisms that live in the intertidal zone. List them. (Sandy Beaches)

Crabs, Worms, Bivalves

What organism lives in the splash zone? (sandy beach)

Crabs

What plants live in the pioneer zone? List 2. (sandy shore)

Railroad vine, Sea purslane

What animal lives in the pioneer zone?

sea turtle

What are 3 plants that live in the scrub woodland zone? List them.

Bay geranium, Bay Lily, Seven-year apple, Buttonwood

What are the 3 main types of Bahamian forest?

Pine Forest, Whiteland Coppice, Blackland Coppice

Where are pine forests found?

The northern islands of the Bahamas

What is the main tree in the pine forest?

Caribbean Pine

What are some other plants in the Pine Forests?

Sabal palmetto palm, Bracken ferns, native orchids, five-finger, poisonwood

Where is the Bahamian coppice found mostly?

The central islands

What do the coppice forests have?

Broad-leaf trees

Where are blackland coppice located on the island?

Inland on higher elevations

Where are whiteland coppice located on the island?

Close to the shore

Describe the soil of blackland coppice.

Its dark soil is produced by the decomposition of fallen leaves

Describe the soil of whiteland coppice.

The soil light because of sand

Which animal mainly lives in the whiteland coppice?

Land crab

What is an endemic species?

A species only found in one country or area

What is the difference between Abaco Bahamian Parrots and Inagua Bahamian Parrots?

Abaco parrots nest in holes on the floor of the pine forest, and Inagua parrots nest in broad-leaf trees

What do natural fires in the pine forest do?

Natural fires help the pine forest by removing the understory so that juvenile pines can get enough light to grow

What causes forest fires in the pine forests?

The release of resin

Why is the Pine forest referred to as Fire climax community?

Without natural fires, the pine forest will eventually be replaced by coppice

Where are drought resistant woodlands found?

In the southern islands

What is a common plant of the drought resistant woodland?

Cacti

Why are drought resistant woodlands sometimes referred to as bonsai forests?

Because the sea breezes influence their growth causing them to be short or bent over

What is pollution?

The contamination of land, water or air by the discharge of harmful substances

What is a pollutant?

A chemical or biological substances that harms water, air, or land quality

What are some main sources of air pollution?

Fire extinguishers, Industries, Pesticides, Vehicles

What are some air pollutants? State 5.

Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, smoke, sulphur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrogen oxides

Which gases cause acid rain?

Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide

How does acid rain form?

When toxic gases are released in the atmosphere and combined with water vapour. This turns the rain acidic, as a weak acid

What does acid rain do? List 3 things.

Corrodes cars and buildings;
Kills plants and animals;
Acidifies the soil

Which gases cause ozone depletion?

Chlorofluorocarbons

What are the effects of ozone depletion? List 2.

Increases skin cancers by radiation;
Damages the eyes

What gases cause the greenhouse effect?

Carbon dioxide, Methane, Ozone

What is the greenhouse effect?

The natural process by which greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide to trap heat to warm the Earth

What is the main effect of the greenhouse effect?

Global warming

Study the Carbon cycle.

Ok

What are some of the sources of water pollutants?

Ships, Fertiliser, Pesticides

What are some water pollutants?

Oil, sewage, hot water, organic waste

What is bioaccumulation?

The increase in the concentration of a pollutant in an organism over time in a food chain

How does bioaccumulation work?

When an organism consumes a toxin, the toxin passes along the food chain as organisms feed, with the level of the toxin increasing up the food chain.

What is eutrophication?

The natural, slow ageing process that occurs in lakes where there is great algal growth

How does eutrophication work?

Because of increased nutrients in the water, algal growth is encouraged, blocking sunlight eventually. The algae then dies due to the rapid growth of anaerobic bacteria. The oxygen gets used up killing other aquatic organisms.

What causes bioaccumulation?

Pesticides, oil, fertilizers

Which nutrients cause eutrophication?

Phosphates and nitrates

What are some things that cause eutrophication?

Fertiliser, sewage, detergents

What are oil’s effects on the ocean? List 3 things.

Blocks oxygen and light, killing marine life;
Stops birds flying and feeding;
Causes bioaccumulation

How does organic wastes affect the ocean? List 3 things.

Bacteria multiply and use up the oxygen;
Can lead to eutrophication;
Can cause disease

How do toxic chemicals harm the ocean? List 3 things.

May be toxic to aquatic organisms;
May cause bioaccumulation;
May change the behaviour of aquatic organisms

What are some land pollutants?

Non-biodegradable waste, insecticides and herbicides

How to decrease land pollution? List 3 things.

Replacement with less toxic alternatives of items;
Disposing of waste properly;
Recycling

What is the 3rd largest industry in the Bahamas?

Agriculture

What is agriculture?

The science or practice of farming, including the cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals

List 4 threats to agriculture.

Invasive Species;
Infertile (Alkaline) Soil;
Natural Disasters;
Lack of Education;
Lack of Supplies or Technology

List 5 threats to Fishing.

Pollution;
Overfishing;
Catching juvenile fish;
Invasive species;
Dredging

List 5 benefits of fishing.

Exporting;
Food;
Tourism;
Recreation;
Biodiversity

List 5 benefits of agriculture.

Reduces imports;
Increases revenue;
Increases jobs;
Increases biodiversity;
Provides food

What are some methods of farming? List 3.

Slash and Burn;
Monoculture;
Pesticides;
Deforestation;
Fertilizers

What is is deforestation done for in agriculture?

Land is cleared by the removal of trees to make a way for farmers

List 3 environmental impacts of deforestation.

Soil erosion;
Flooding;
Increased levels of Carbon Dioxide;
Reduced transpiration which can lead to droughts

What is slash and burn?

Cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland to create a field

What is the main environmental impact of slash and burn?

It depletes the quality of the soil over a period of time

What is monoculture?

The growth of one species in each area