STM 008 BIOLOGY

Cellular structure
Heredity
Homeostasis
Movement
Adaptation
Growth
Reproduction
Respond to stimuli

what does chhomagrr stands for?

Apoptasis

Lysosome Suicide bomb

Heredity

Traits that are passed down through a family.

traits, disease, gene

Homeostasis

sweat perspiration

Glucagon

What balances low sugar

Insulin

when blood sugars are high, the pancreas releases insulin. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering blood sugar levels.

movement

releases toxin like urine and weat
helps with locomotion
to reproduce

Adaptation

irritability - response to environmental change in order to adapt

growth

maturity goes thru various stages in order to mature

Reproduction

asexual -
sexual

Fragmentation (Starfish)

An organism breaks into pieces, and each piece grows into a new organism.

Regeneration

The process of regrowing lost or damaged body parts.

Planarians can regenerate their entire body from a small fragment.

starfish also experience this, it regenerates too

Budding (hydra)

A new organism grows from a bud on the parent organism.

Binary Fission (Bacteria)

single organism divides into two identical organisms.

Respond to stimuli

It refers to the ability to detect and react to changes in the environment

sphorophyte

organism that produces spores

gametophyte

sperm or egg cell or known as gametes

Parthenogenesis

is a form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into an organism without being fertilized by a sperm.

exmaple is wasps, ants, bees

autotrophic

organisms that can produce their own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.

Example:
Plants: They use photosynthesis to convert sunlight into energy, producing their own food. glucise and oxygen

Algae: Similar to plants, algae also perform photosynthesis to create their own food.

Photoautotrophs Plants

are organisms that can produce their own food using light energy through the process of photosynthesis. T=

Villi

absorb nutrients from digested food as it passes through the small intestine. The nutrients then enter the bloodstream and are transported to various parts of the body for use.

Thermophiles

are microorganisms that thrive in extremely hot environments

Chemoautotrophs

e organisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, or iron, and use this energy to fix carbon dioxide into organic compounds. They do not rely on sunlight for energy, unlike photoautotrophs.

Extremophiles

re organisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions that are typically hostile to most life forms. These conditions can include extreme temperatures, acidity, salinity, or pressure.

small intestine

absorbs nutrients

Xerophytes (cactus)

plants

saprophytic fungi

organisms obtain nutrients by decomposing dead and decaying organic matter.

Holozoic

organisms ingest solid food, which is then digested internally. This mode of nutrition involves several stages: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.

parasitic

refers to a relationship where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, and benefits at the host's expense.

plants absorbs nutrients thru roots

did you know

xylem

Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves. Moves in one direction (upwards).

Phloem

Transports sugars and nutrients throughout the plant. Moves in both directions (up and down).

plant stem

negative tropism

plant roots

postive tropism

atom
molecule
organelle
cell
tissues
organs
organ system
organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere

levels of organization

Aerotaxis

follows aroma thru air

Phototaxis

moth, night insects for navigation

cellular organization

living things are made up of cells

chemotaxis

chemicals

homeostasis

is any self regulating process to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions optimal for survival

dynamic equilibrium

stability attained is ?

Heredity

refers to genetic heritage down by our bilogical parents.

movement

characteristics of living things
to find nutrition
to bread
to excrete waste products
to respire
get sense of their world
to grow

respond to stimuli

detectable change in internal or external environment to respond to external/environmental stimuli.

Negative feedback

is when the response diminishes the original stimulus.

- occurs when a stimulus happens and triggers the organism to counteract the stimulus. It completes the opposite act, causing the resulting effect to be
lessened.

Positive feedback

is when the response enhances the original stimulus.

occurs when a stimulus creates a chain reaction that amplifies as it goes on. It reinforces the stimulus, and results in a much larger and much more significant response.

Receptor

•The cells or tissue which detects the change due to the stimulus.

Relay

•The transmission of the message, via nerves or hormones or both, to the effector.

Effector

•The cells or tissue, usually a gland or muscles, which cause the response to happen.

Response

•An action, at cell, tissue or whole organism level which would not have occurred in the absence of the stimulus.

Feedback:

The consequence of the response on the stimulus. May be positive or negative.

Negative feedback

is most common in biological systems.

negative feedback

•Human blood pressure. When blood pressure increases, signals are sent to the brain from the blood vessels. Signals are sent to the heart from the brain and heart rate slows down, thus helping blood pressure to return to normal.

positive feedback

amplifies change

negative feedback

reduces change.

dejecta

excreted material may be called

Excretion

•is the process by which waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism.

TRANSPIRATION

water absobred byroots
water travels up through plants
water vaport lost from leaf pores in transpiration

If metabolic waste is not removed from the body, it may become poisonous and kill
living cells.

2) It maintains salt balance in the blood.

3) Keeps you from becoming fecal grenade.

PURPOSE OF EXCRETION

biparental
germs cells are involved
fusion of gamtes
genetically dissimilar to parents
rate of reproduction is slower

sexual reproduction

uniparental
somatic cells are involved
production of asexual sopres
genetically similar to parents
rate of reproduction is faster

asexual reproduction

Heterotrophic

Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms.

Herbivores

Consumers that eat only plants

carnivores

Consumers that eat only animals

Omnivore

An animal that eats both plants and animals (humans)

Saprophyte

An organism that feeds on dead matter

Thigmotropism

movement of growth in response to touch or contact

geotropism

plants in response to gravity

chemotaxis

migratory response that is elicited by chemicals

Thermotropism

growth in response to heat or temperature

Phototaxis

animal's response toward/away from light stimulus

Hydrotropism

is a plant's movement or growth in response to water

Phototropism

plant's movement in response to light

chemotaxis

movement or growth in response to chemicals

tropism

applicable for plants (anything plant related, )

taxis/es

applicable for animals (anything animals related, )

Aerotaxis
Geotaxis
Phototaxis
Thigmotaxis
Chemotaxis

Animals Taxis

Thigmotropism
phototropism
geotropism
hydrotropism
thermotropism

Plant Taxis

irritability

in animals is almost the same with that of plants

HYGROPHYTES-
MESOPHYTES-
XEROPHYTES-
HALOPHYTES-
HYDROPHYTES-

Plant Adaptability

HYGROPHYTES-

moisture loving plants

•MESOPHYTES-

plants adapted to a habitat with adequate water

XEROPHYTES- (cactus)

plants adapted to a dry habitat

HALOPHYTES-

plants adapted to a salty habitat

HYDROPHYTES-

adapted to more or less permanently immersed water

humans

example of holozoic nutrition

for stable internal environment

why do we sweat?

respiration

oxygen and glucose is needed for?