BIOL 120 Exam 1

What is the correct sequence of steps in the process of science?

Exploration, hypothesis, prediction, experiment

What major theme of biology is illustrated when a cow no longer responds to penicillin due to antibiotic-resistant microbes?

Evolution

Why is water considered a polar molecule as explained in option B?

The oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge

Adjacent water molecules interact with one another via ____ bonds

Hydrogen

Adjacent water molecules interact through the ____

Electrical attraction between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule

Why are some tiny insects able to walk on water?

The surface tension that is a result of water’s cohesive properties makes this possible

Salt dissolves when stirred into water. The water is the ____, and the salt is the ____

Solvent; solute

Why are costal temperatures (i.e. California or Florida) more moderate than in-land temperatures (i.e. Iowa or Nebraska?)

Water resists changes in temperature due to hydrogen bonds

Tums, antiacid tablets used to treat heartburn have a pH around 10. They are considered to be ____

More basic

Looking at a mystery solution in a lab, you run experiments and determine that the solution has lots of H+ ions. What can you conclude from this observation?

The solution has a lower pH

What name is given to substances that resist changes in pH?

Buffers

The release of carbon dioxide from a factory in one region can cause ocean acidification that affects coral reefs in another region. Which major theme of biology is illustrated by this action?

Interaction with biological systems

In the following reaction, galactose is a ____ (galactose + glucose → lactose + water)

Monomer

What name is given to the following reaction? (sucrose + water → glucose + fructose)

Hydrolysis

What is an example of a polysaccharide?

Starch

What name is given to the following reaction? (glycerol + 3 fatty acids → triglyceride + 3 water molecules)

Dehydration

How do the sugars glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and fructose (C₆H₁₂O₆) compare and contrast?

They have the same formula but different structures

Saturated fats are saturated with ____

Hydrogen

Oleic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in many animal and vegetable fats and oils. What can you tell about oleic acid just by looking at its structure? (Hint: It has one double bond in its carbon chain and is liquid at room temperature)

It is an unsaturated fatty acid

Your friend seems to have put on a lot of muscle very quickly. At the same time, you notice that your friend is experiencing a lot of mood swings and seems to be depressed. It is reasonable for you to suspect that your friend has begun to take ____

Anabolic steroids

The female hormone progesterone is involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Based on its structure, what type of macromolecule is progesterone?

Steroid

Proteins are polymers constructed from ____ monomers

Amino acid

A proteins function is dependent on environmental factors such as pH and temperature. What property of the protein itself dictates a protein’s function?

Shape

Amino acids include a side group as well as ____

A central carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, and a carboxyl group

In sickle-cell anemia the change in one amino acid alters a red blood cell from a circle to a sickle-shape and prevents the red blood cell from carrying oxygen appropriately. Which major theme of biology is illustrated by this action?

The relationship of structure and function

Nucleic acids are polymers of ____ monomers

Nucleotide

A specific stretch of DNA that contains information for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is a(n) ____

Gene

If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GACGTCA, what will be the sequence of the other strand?

CTGCAGT

What represents the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

DNA → RNA → Protein

How is RNA different from DNA?

RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine

The genetic message contained in DNA is used to build proteins. Which major theme of biology is illustrated by this action?

Information flow

When using a microscope to view cells you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cells lack nuclei; therefore, you conclude that the cells must be a type of ____ cell

Prokaryotic

One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells have __________ prokaryotic cells

Membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in

____ are the major lipids of plasma membranes

Phospholipids

When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ____

Have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water

The concept of a membrane as a fluid mosaic reflects the ability of ____

Phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane

Which makes up portions of the cytoskeleton?

Microtubules

The structural combination of DNA and proteins known as histones forms ____

Chromatin

Where does protein synthesis take place?

On ribosomes

Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, one would expect to find a large amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in ____ cells

Liver

Transport vesicles move proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to what other organelle?

Golgi apparatus

What is one reason that ice floats?

Water molecules in ice are spread out

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Protein modification

What part(s) of a cell (are) most like the shipping center of a company?

The Golgi apparatus

If a cell’s lysosomes burst, the cell would ____

Digest itself

Which polysaccharide can humans not digest?

Cellulose

During a race such as a marathon, the skeletal muscle cells in your legs use a lot of energy to continually contract and power your muscles. What organelle is most likely abundant in skeletal muscle cells?

Mitochondria

Which adaptation increases the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration?

Cristae of a mitochodrion

Which lipid has double bonds in its carbon tail?

Unsaturated fats

Cellular respiration converts energy stored in food as glucose to ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Which major theme of biology is illustrated by this action?

Pathways that transform energy and matter

Tobacco smokers (and those exposed to tobacco smoke) are at greater risk of an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. (An ectopic pregnancy is when the zygote implants in the fallopian tube instead of in the uterus). Based on your understanding of the structures of the cell, what is the best explanation for this phenomenon?

Tobacco interferes with sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus

Where is this molecule normally found in a eukaryotic cell?

Nucleus

Sugar dissolves in coffee. Sugar is the ____ and coffee is the ____

Solute; solvent

Carbohydrates have the monomer ____

Monosaccharide(s)

Nucleic acids have the monomer ____

Nucleotide(s)

Proteins have the monomer ____

Amino acid(s)

What macromolecule doesn’t have a true monomer?

Lipids

What is the ‘base steroid’ that is used to make estrogen and testosterone?

Cholesterol

What is one of the functions of the cytoskelleton?

Helps to maintain cell shape

Which organelle produces ATP (through cellular respiration)?

Mitochondria

The ____ ER has ribosomes on it

Rough

What are the structures that are part of the endomembrane system ___,____,____,____, and ______?

ER, Golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, lysosomes (vacuoles in plant cells)

What sugar is a part of DNA?

Deoxyribose

What sugar is a part of RNA?

Ribose

Which cell organelle makes proteins for the cell?

Free ribosomes

What part of the mitochondria is folded into cristae to increase surface area?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Which cell organelle has a long extension of the cell that propels the cell?

Flagella

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate

What is ATP made of ____,_____, and _______?

Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

What part of the cell is shown here?

Golgi apparatus

The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is characterized by ____

Molecules moving freely past one another

____ are the major lipids of plasma membranes

Phospholipid(s)

What is the (primary) function of the plasma membrane?

The ____ is the most prominent membrane-bound organelle in eukaryote cells, and it houses most of a cell’s DNA

Nucleus

Where in the cell are chromosomes found?

The nucleus

____ are tightly coiled bundles of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells

Chromosomes

The round body that sits inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA is known as the ____

Nucleolus

____ is the self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms; it is the main constituent of chromosomes and the carrier of genetic information

DNA

The ____ is the two-layered membrane that encases the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Nuclear envelope

A protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is called a ____

Nuclear pore

____ is used in all steps of protein synthesis and carries the genetic information of many viruses

RNA

Where are ribosome components made?

The nucleolus

Within the nucleus of a cell, long DNA molecules and associated proteins form fibers called ____

Chromatin

What is the primary site of protein production in eukaryotic cells?

Ribosomes

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is considered ‘rough’ because ____

It’s outside is studded with ribosomes

____ are stored in the lysosomes of the cell

Digestive enzymes

Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, one would expect to find a large amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in ____ cells

Liver

In some eukaryotic cells, cilia and flagella are motile cellular appendages that aid the cell in ____

Movement

Unsaturated fats create ____ in chain

Kinks

Fatty acids are long chains of ____

Carbon

Unsaturated fats are ____ at room temperature

Solid

Saturated fats are ____ at room temperature

Liquid

Saturated fats don’t have ____ bonds

Double