Chapter 7.1 - Basic Structures of the Human Body

Anatomy

The study of the structures of the body (heart, brain, etc…)

Physiology

The study of the functions or processes of the body (how the heart pumps blood, how the brain sends a message, etc…)

Pathophysiology

The study of how disease occurs and the body's response to it

Cytology

The study of cells

Histology

The study of tissues

Diagnosis

Identification of a disease

Prognosis

Prediction of the probable outcome of a disease

Etiology

Cause of a disease

Idiopathic

Unknown cause of disease

Congenital Disease

Occurs during development of the infant in the uterus; Examples are club foot, cleft lip, spina bifida

Inherited Disease

Transmitted from parents to child genetically; Examples are color blindness, cystic fibrosis and Down Syndrome

Infectious Disease

Caused by pathogens (germs) that enter the body; Examples are bacteria or viruses that cause the common cold, hepatitis and STI's

Degenerative Disease

Caused by a deterioration of the body; Examples are normal aging and osteoarthritis

Cell

Basic unit of structure in all living things

Organelles

Structures inside a cell that help it to function

Cell Membrane

Outer protective, semi-permeable covering of a cell

Cytoplasm

Fluid inside a cell where chemical reactions take place; contains water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and salts

Nucleus

Control center of the cell; regulates cell activities; contains genetic information

Nucleolus

Located inside the nucleus and is important in cell reproduction; manufactures ribosomes

Ribosomes

Make proteins

Chromatin

Located in the nucleus; Made of DNA and protein; Condenses to form chromosomes during mitosis

Centrosome

Contains 2 centrioles; aids in cell division during mitosis

Mitochondria

Breaks down carbs, proteins and fats to produce energy in the form of ATP

Golgi Apparatus

Produces, stores and packages secretions for the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Tubes that allow for transport into and out of the nucleus; Contains ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Tubes that allow for transport into and out of the nucleus; Does NOT contain ribosomes; Makes cholesterol, metabolizes fat and detoxifies drugs

Vacuoles

Pouch-like structures filled with a watery substance, stored food or waste products

Lysosomes

Contains enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria and foreign material

Pinocytic Vesicles

Pocket-like folds in the cell membrane; Allows large molecules like protein and fats to enter the cell

Mitosis

Process of cell division; a single cell divides to produce two identical cells

Interphase

Cell grows and develops, and carries out normal functions; Chromatin is in a loose state; DNA is copied

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear; Centrosomes form spindle fibers

Metaphase

Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and line them up along the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Chromosomes divide into two sets; Each half of the chromosome is pulled away to opposite sides of the cell

Telophase

Two nuclear membranes form; Cells begin to separate

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm divides; Chromosomes uncoil; Two cells with the same number of chromosomes are created

Tissue

Group of similar cells with the same size, shape and function that join together

Dehydration

Condition of insufficient (not enough) fluid

Edema

Swelling; Excess fluid in tissues

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue type that lines and covers body surfaces to protect and secret substances; Examples are the skin and lining of the intestinal, respiratory, circulatory and urinary tracts

Connective Tissue

Tissue type that supports/connects structures; Examples of types of connective tissue are hard, soft and vascular

Soft Connective Tissue

Adipose tissue and fibrous tissue

Adipose Tissue

Soft connective tissue found around internal organs; Stores fat to use for energy; Insulates the body

Fibrous Tissue

Soft connective tissue found in ligaments and tendons; Holds structures together

Hard Connective Tissue

Osseous Tissue and Cartilage

Osseous Tissue

Hard connective tissue; Bone; Provides skeletal framework of body

Cartilage

Hard connective tissue located between joints, end of bones, nose/ears; Cushions joint, acts as shock absorber

Vascular Connective Tissue

Blood and Lymph Fluid

Blood

Vascular connective tissue that carries nutrients, waste and fights infection

Lymph

Vascular connective tissue that carries tissue fluid and helps immune system

Muscle Tissue

Tissue type that contracts to produce power and movement

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Muscular tissue that connects to bones to produce movement

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Muscular tissue only found in the heart; pumps blood

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Muscular tissue found in internal organs, blood vessels, digestive and respiratory tracts; Contracts to control diameter of vessels or cause peristalsis

Nervous Tissue

Tissue type that controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting messages throughout the body

Organ

Formed when tissues with similar functions join together

Body System

Formed when organs with similar function join together