International CJ - Quiz 3

Where is the United Kingdom located?

It is an island country off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe.

What was the UK's estimated population in 2023?

Approximately 67.879 million.

What are the 3 distinct jurisdictions of the UK?

1. England and Wales 2. Scotland 3. Northern Ireland

What was the UK's approximate GDP?

$3.19 trillion, making it the 6th-highest GDP.

What has happened to overall crime estimates in the UK since the mid-1990s?

There have been long-term decreases in overall crime.

What caused the major rises in UK crime during the 1990s?

Increases in violence, vehicle crime, and burglary.

What type of survey is used to measure victimization in the UK?

A victimization survey.

When did modern policing begin in England?

In the 19th century.

Why did England develop a modern police system?

Because of increasing crime rates, failure of parish constables, and the use of the military to control public riots.

Who established the London Metropolitan Police in 1829?

Sir Robert Peel.

What were the London Metropolitan Police commonly called?

Bobbies.

Why was the Metropolitan Police significant?

It was a full-time, professional, centralized police force and became the roots of the modern police system.

What was one major goal of the early Metropolitan Police?

To discourage crime through preventive patrol.

Did the original bobbies routinely carry firearms?

No. They were generally not armed with firearms.

At what level is law enforcement organized in the UK?

At the level of administrative districts.

What are police forces called in England and Wales?

Home Office police forces.

How many police forces (constabularies) does the UK have?

45 total.

How are the UK's 45 police forces divided?

43 in England and Wales, 1 in Scotland, and 1 in Northern Ireland.

Does the UK have a national police force?

No

What are the two main legal entities that organize police services in the UK?

1. The Office of Constable 2. The police force

What is every sworn police officer in England and Wales called, regardless of rank?

A Constable.

What powers does the Office of Constable grant officers?

The powers to detect, prevent, and investigate crime.

Who do police officers in England and Wales swear allegiance to?

The monarch.

Why do officers swear allegiance to the monarch?

To help ensure the separation of power and political independence of the Office of Constable.

What are the three types of law enforcement agencies in the UK?

Territorial police services, national law enforcement agencies, and miscellaneous police services.

What do territorial police services do?

They carry out the majority of policing.

What are examples of national law enforcement agencies in the UK?

The National Crime Agency and British Transport Police.

What do miscellaneous police services do?

They police specific local areas or activities, such as ports and parks.

Is the UK police system centralized or decentralized?

It is an integrated and relatively centralized system, although there is no single national police force.

How does the UK government influence policing?

Through regular circulars concerning policing issues and national oversight.

What three bodies are responsible for policing in the UK?

1. Home Secretary 2. Police Authority 3. Chief Constable

What level of government does the Home Secretary represent?

Central government.

What does the Police Authority represent?

Local government and communities.

Who is the Chief Constable?

The leader responsible for the operational policing of a police force.

When was the Metropolitan Police Service established?

1829.

Why is the Metropolitan Police Service historically significant?

It was the first of the modern police forces.

Where does the Metropolitan Police Service operate?

London.

What area does the Metropolitan Police cover?

Approximately 620 square miles.

What population does the Metropolitan Police serve according to the notes?

Approximately 7.2 million people.

Who formally appoints the Metropolitan Police Commissioner?

The King, on the recommendation of the Home Secretary.

In practice, who appoints the Metropolitan Police Commissioner?

The Home Secretary.

Approximately how many officers and staff work for the Metropolitan Police?

More than 44,000.

What are some major priorities of the Metropolitan Police?

Local policing, counterterrorism, combating criminal networks, transport safety, major-incident preparedness, providing information to the public, and improving leadership training.

How long does police training generally last according to the notes?

18–22 weeks, combining classroom instruction with on-the-job training and mentoring.

What are some goals of UK police training?

Developing investigative skills, intelligence skills, community safety skills, public-order skills, major-operation skills, and technology knowledge.

What additional training do UK officers receive?

First aid, personal safety, and driving training.

What happens when officers join a response team?

They are assigned a tutor and spend approximately three months as part of a response team.

Is there a formal definition of the British model of policing?

No.

What are the three fundamental principles of the British model of policing?

1. Office of Constable 2. Operational independence 3. Policing by consent

What is operational independence?

The ability of police to carry out their duties without political interference.

What does "policing by consent" mean?

Police are viewed as citizens in uniform who protect their fellow citizens, with legitimacy based on public cooperation and consent.

What types of policing are commonly used by UK police forces?

Community policing and problem-oriented policing.

What is problem-oriented partnership policing?

A process of identifying persistent problems, analyzing their causes, developing tailored responses, and evaluating whether those responses work.

What are the four basic steps of problem-oriented partnership policing?

1. Identify persistent problems 2. Analyze the conditions causing them 3. Develop and implement tailored responses 4. Determine whether the responses were effective

What are the four major goals of counterterrorism policing in the UK?

Prevent, Pursue, Protect, and Prepare.

What does "Prevent" mean?

Prevent vulnerable people from being drawn into extremism.

What does "Pursue" mean?

Pursue terrorists and bring them to justice.

What does "Protect" mean?

Protect the public and places from terrorist attacks.

What does "Prepare" mean?

Prepare to respond to attacks and reduce their impact.

Why are visible police deployments used in counterterrorism?

To deter, detect, and disrupt crime.

How does firearm use differ between the US and England/Wales?

US: Most officers routinely carry guns.

England/Wales: Few officers routinely carry guns.

How does the policing approach differ between the US and England/Wales?

US: More militarized.

England/Wales: More community-based and based on public consent.

How do police structures differ between the US and England/Wales?

US: Very decentralized, with varying practices and codes of conduct.

England/Wales: More centralized, with national oversight and standardized codes.

How does police training differ between the US and England/Wales?

Training varies considerably across US forces, while England/Wales requires considerable standardized training.

How do education requirements differ?

US requirements vary by force; England/Wales has more standardized educational requirements and guidelines.

Where is China located?

East Asia.

What is China's population?

Approximately 1.4 billion.

What percentage of the world's population does China represent according to the notes?

Approximately 17.4%.

How many province-level divisions does China have?

33.

What type of political system does China have according to the notes?

A one-party state governed by the Chinese Communist Party.

What is China's national police force called?

The People's Police.

Which ministry controls China's police force?

The Ministry of Public Security (MPS).

Does China have a national police force?

Yes.

Approximately how many police officers does China have?

About 2 million.

Where do most Chinese police officers work?

At small local offices called police posts.

Who employs Chinese police officers?

The central government.

What are some major functions of the Ministry of Public Security?

Intelligence gathering, counterintelligence, and maintaining public and political security.

How is China's police system organized geographically?

Through provincial, municipal, county/urban district bureaus, and district police stations.

How does the MPS regulate police agencies?

Through departmental regulations and policing inspectors.

What characterizes China's policing system?

A top-down system with consistent policies and guidelines.

What was mass line policing?

The policing approach used from approximately 1949–1980, emphasizing working for and with the masses.

What was the goal of mass line policing?

To win the understanding and support of the masses.

What was strike-hard policing?

The policing approach used approximately 1981–2001, emphasizing catching criminals, solving cases, and severe punishments.

Why did strike-hard policing develop?

Because of a surge in crime, particularly crime committed by people under age 25.

What was the goal of strike-hard policing?

To reduce or control rising crime rates.

When did community policing become a major initiative in China?

Since 2002.

When did the Ministry of Public Security officially launch community policing?

March 2002.

What did the 2002 community-policing initiative emphasize?

Full-scale implementation of community policing in major and medium-sized cities.

Why was community policing considered important in China?

It represented an important step toward police professionalism.

What were major problems with China's policing system?

Inefficient staffing, insufficient staffing, overlapping jurisdictions, slow operations, and conflicts in authority.

Why were police stations a particular concern?

They handled the majority of general policing tasks but received relatively fewer resources.

What reforms were proposed for Chinese policing?

Increase local staffing, provide more autonomy, improve equipment and intelligence support, and focus more on local issues.

Traditionally, what is the role of Chinese police toward the masses?

To work for the masses.

Is Chinese policing theoretically considered community policing?

Yes, in theory.

Why has China struggled to implement community policing in practice?

The low police-to-public ratio and government emphasis on traditional police roles such as fighting crime and maintaining order.

What is China's approximate police-to-public ratio according to the notes?

1.38 police officers per 1,000 people.

Is China's police system centralized or decentralized?

Highly centralized.

What is at the top of China's police hierarchy?

The Ministry of Public Security.

What is the basic hierarchy of China's police system?

National → Province → City → District

How much influence does the Chinese government have over policing?

Great influence.