17.7 Addition of OH to Form Hemiacetals and Acetals

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10 Terms

1
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show hemiacetal formation

2
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show acetal formation

3
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where is equilibria favored in hemiacetal formation

starting C=O compound

4
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are hemiacetals isolable?

no, unless formed with reactive C=O systems (formaldehyde 2,2,2-trichloroacetalhyde)

isolable from hydroxy aldehydes and ketones when cyclization leads to strain free 5 or 6 ring

5
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are cyclic or acyclic hemiacetals more stable

cyclic

6
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show intramolecular hemiacetal formation

7
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what can catalyze acetal formation

acids

8
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how can each step be shifted or reversed in equilibrium

with presence of acid

  • excess OH or removing H2O —> acetal

  • excess H2O (acetal hydrolysis) to get aldehyde or ketone

9
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can hemiacetals or acetals be isolated as pure substances

acetals

10
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show the hydrolysis of acetals