Final Review for AP Government

limited government

no one has the ¨most power¨, this is enforced by: separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism, and republicanism

where did these ideas come from:

enlightenment

what are natural rights:

rights that someone is born with: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

why is government necessary:

to keep people in check, safe, and fair

social contract

agreement to give up rights for the government to protect others

popular sovereignty

where the people have the ultimate power to make decisions

republicanism

picking our representative

what is the first constitution of the usa called:

articles of confederation

why did the article of confederation fail:

could not tax, had no military, and no agreement

how did founders feel about true democracy:

worried it could fall into a tranny or create an unstable government

checks and balances

powers each branch holds to cancel out too much power in the other branches, we do this because we want all three branches to be equal

participatory democracy

(farmers do not like this) depends on citizen involvement: referendums and initiative

elite democracy

elected representatives make decisions for those that elect them

pros and cons for elite democracy

pros: people are usually educated for their role

cons: people w/ resources influence and dominate

pluralist democracy

group based activism in politics: interest groups

fed. 10

james madison argued that the us is so big that factions (groups) would have to compete

brutus

feared a central government and wanted more power for the slaves, anti-feds supported this

also included the necessary and proper clause

how many branches under AOC

3

how many states had to agree to make a change

13

could the federal government collect taxes

no taxes

was there national currency

no currency

what is a tariff

a tax

shays rebellion

us could not raise money, they had economic hardship and lack of pay

great compromise

how people represented in each state

virginia plan

based on population, favored the bigger states

new jersey plan

each state got 2 representatives, favored smaller states

electoral college

states determine how electors are chosen

3/5th compromise

african slaves can count as 3/5th of a person for population purposes

slave trade compromise

an agreement that addressed how many slaves would be recognized in congress

how to amend the constitution

2/3 of HOR and senate and ¾ of state reps.

states rights vs. federal levels

s: electors and schools

f: money and military

patriot act - 9/11

created an increase on surveillance of people

NCLB act

schools meet criteria for funding

mandate

an official order or commission to do something

federal mandate

requires states to do something to get money

block grants

money from the federal government w/ no strings attached

categorical grants

money from the federal government that comes with guidelines and requirements

concurrent powers

powers shared by the state and federal government

constitutional clause us v. lopez

commerce clause

divided government

when one party (democrat) controls the executive branch and another (republican) in the legislative branch

how the number of people in the house are determined:

435 seats that get distributed to each house based on population of there state

requirements to be in the house of representatives

at least 25 yrs old

7 yrs as a us citizen

live in the state that you represent

requirements to be in the senate

at least 30 yrs old

9 yrs as a us citizen

live in the state that your represent

requirements for president

at least 35 yrs old

born in the us

citizen for 14 yrs

2 powers for the house of rep.

initiate revenue bills

impeachment of federal officers

expressed powers of congress

article 1 section 8

expressed powers of SCOTUS

article 3 section 2

standing committee

permanent, do most of congressional work

joint committee

both house and senate address long term issues

conference committee

when the house and senate reconcile the bill

fillibuster

talking in the senate to pass the time when they’re not ready to decide on a bill

cloture

a vote from 60/100 senators to shut down a filibuster and to vote on the bill

pocket veto

when the president does not veto or accept the bill within the 10 day period

executive agreement

a handshake agreement made internationally between the president and another leader

executive order

empowers the president to carry out the law

leadership in the house

speaker of the house

majority leader

minority leader

leadership in the senate

vice president

pro tempore

majority leader

minority leader

examples of discretionary spending

national defense

homeland security

education

examples of mandatory spending

social security

medicare

medicade

pork barrel spending

federal funds allocated to specific local projects or interest groups

logrolling

lawmakers make agreements to support each other’s bills

gerrymandering

intentionally creating the states boundaries to gain political advantage

voting models

delegate

trustee

politico

bully pulpit

position that provides an opportunity to speak out and be listened to

state of union

becomes a requirement for the president to inform congress about the nation

stare decisis

when a court decides something from a identical or similar case

why do judges need life terms

so that they can make proper decisions without having to worry about if there job is jeopardized

what is the primary role of the bureaucracy

implement, administer, and enforce laws, policies, and regulations

congressional oversight

review of the executive branch through monitoring and supervision

what does the bill of rights protect you from

taking away your civil rights and liberties

1st amendment

freedom of…

speech

press

religion

assemble

petition

free exercise clause

the right to practice your chosen religion

establishment clause

prevents the government from favoring a religion (seperation from church to state)

what is used to determine is free speech is restricted

clear and present danger test from schenck v. us

what speech is not protected by first amendment

obscene speech

what is determined to see if obscene speech has been used

miller test

difference between libel and slander

libel - written

slander - spoken

prior restraint

the government cant stop someone from publishing something before it’s published

what amendment alludes to right to privacy

4th

selective incorporation

applies the bill of rights to the state through the 14th amendment

what made selective incorporation possible

14th amendment

what are the 3 parts to the 14th amendment

citizenship

due process

equal protection clause

due proccess

all legal matters must be resolved w/ individual to be treated fairly

procedural due process

is the step by step procedure or what happened

behavioral due process

was what they did constitutional

metadata

everything but the actual phone conversation

difference between the 9th and 10th amendment

9th - powers reserved to the people

10th - powers reserved to the states

purpose of litigation

solving legal disputes through the courts

significance of litigation

changes the outcome of the case

NAACP

advancement of colored people (civil rights interest group)

NOW

national women’s organization (civil rights interest group)

title IV

allows all men activities to be offered to women as well through education and workforce

civil rights act of 1964

prohibits discrimination on the basis of race or sex

voting rights act of 1965

removed all types of barriers to voting for all people

preclearance

state governments were all pre-cleared to intervene w/ non compliant state governments

affirmative action

label placed on institutional efforts to diversity, race, or gender

what was created by miranda v. arizona

miranda rights

ruling in engel v. vitale

prayer in public schools violated the establishment clause

ruling in yoder v. wisconsin

amish having to go to school after 8th grade violated the free exercise clause

ruling in nyt v. us

not allowing new your times to publish info violated the 1st amendment freedom of press and created prior restraint