Chapter 1 & 4.2 - SOCY 101

alienation

an individual’s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self

alienation from our human nature

workers lose their human essence, creativity, and sense of purpose, becoming merely a "cog in the machine"

alienation from the product of labor

workers do not own or control the goods they produce; the final product belongs to the capitalist or employer

alienation from the labor process

work is repetitive and monotonous; workers have no autonomy or creativity, functioning simply to earn wages rather than express themselves

alienation from our fellow human beings

capitalism turns work into a competitive environment instead of a collaborative one, pitting workers against each other

anomie

a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

antipositivism

the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values

bourgeoisie

the owners of the means of production in a society

class consciousness

the awareness of one’s rank in society

collective consciousness

the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

conflict theory

a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources

constructivism

an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be

culture

a group’s shared practices, values, and beliefs

dramaturgical analysis

a technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance

double consciousness

the internal conflict marginalized groups experience when forced to view themselves through the prejudiced lens of the dominant culture

dynamic equilibrium

a stable state in which all parts of a healthy society work together properly

dysfunctions

social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society

false consciousness

a condition in which the beliefs, ideals, or ideology of a person are not in the person’s own best interest

figuration

the process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of an individual and the society that shapes that behavior

function

the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to structural continuity

functionalism

a theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society

generalized others

the organized and generalized attitude of a social group

grand theories

an attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change

hypothesis

a testable proposition

iron cage

a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions

latent functions

the unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process

macro-level

a wide-scale view of the role of social structures within a society

manifest functions

sought consequences of a social process

mechanical solidarity

a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture

micro-level theories

the study of specific relationships between individuals or small groups

organic solidarity

a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences

paradigms

philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them

positivism

the scientific study of social patterns

proletariat

the laborers in a society

qualitative sociology

in-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data

quantitative sociology

statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants

rationalization

a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition

reification

an error of treating an abstract concept as though it has a real, material existence

significant others

specific individuals that impact a person’s life

social facts

the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life

social institutions

patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs

social integration

how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group

society

a group of people who live in a defined geographical area who interact with one another and who share a common culture

sociological imaginatoin

the ability to understand how your own past relates to that of other people, as well as to history in general and societal structures in particular

sociology

the systematic study of society and social interaction

symbolic interactionism

a theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols)

theory

a proposed explanation about social interactions or society

verstehen

a german word that means to understand in a deep way