FAD Exam 2

initiative

desire to act independently

guilt

unintended consequences resulting in self-doubt

identity

set of beliefs about what we are like as individuals

self concept in preschool years

not accurate, more optimistic, overestimates of abilities

view of self in preschool years

culturally bound (collectivist orientation vs individualistic orientation) and racial and ethnic identity

functional play

simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds

constructive play

manipulate objects to produce or build something

parallel play

similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact

onlooker play

children simply watch each other play

associative play

share toys but do not do the same thing

cooperative play

play with one another, take turns, play games, and devise contests

false belief test

a preschooler is shown a doll who places chocolate in a cabinet and then leaves. after the doll is gone, his mom moves the chocolate and the preschooler are then asked where the doll will look for chocolate when he returns

authoritarian parenting

exhibit controlling, rigid, cold style; value strict, unquestioning obedience

authoritative parenting

set form, clear, consistent limits; allow disagreement and use reasoning, explanation, and consequences; supportive parenting

uninvolved parenting

uninvolved in children’s lices; set a few limits

permissive parenting

involved with children; place little or no limits or control on children’s behavior

instrumental aggression

motivated by desire to obtain a concrete goal; higher in boys than girls

relational agression

intended to hurt another person’s feelings through non-physical means; higher in girls than boys 

obesity in middle childhood causes

genetic factors, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy eating paterns

gross motor development

riding a bike, ice skating, swimming, and skipping rope

fine motor development

necessary for wide range of school-related tasks; influenced by increase in amount of myelin (speeds up electrical impulse)

stuttering

substantial disruption in rhythm and fluency of speech; most common speech impairment; 20% of all children go through stage; no clear-cut answers to cause

learning disabilities

interfere with children’s ability to listen, speak, read, write, reason, or do math; when children’s academic performance differs from their potential to learn

common signs of ADHD

persistent difficulty in finishing tasks, following instructions, and organizing work; inability to watch a whole TV program; frequent interruption; tendency to jump into a task before hearing all instruction; difficulty in waiting or remaining seated; fidgeting

brains in children with ADHD

less thickening of the cortex

ADHD treatment

ritalin or dexadrine

side effects considerable and long term health consequences unclear

why is ADHD treatment controversial?

decentering

piaget intellectual development; characterized by active and appropriate use of logic; shift focus from a single aspect to multiple

reversibility

piaget; ability to mentally reverse a sequence of events to restore a situation to its original state

metamemory

involves understanding processes that underlie memory; improves during school age years; helps children use control strategies → conscious intentional tactics to improve function

zone of proximal development

vygotsky'; the space between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance from a more knowledgeable person

stage 1 of reading in middle childhood

phonological reading skills

step 2 of reading in middle childhood

fluency without much meaning attached

step 3 of reading in middle childhood

means to end reading

fluid intelligence

ability to reason, solve new problems, and think abstractly

crystallized intelligence

knowledge and skills gained from experience and education

triarchic theory of intelligence

sternberg; 3 components → analytical, creative, and practical

mainstreaming

exceptional children are integrated as much as possible into regular education system and are provided with a broad range of alternatives

industry

feelings of mastery and proficiency and a growing sense of competence

inferiority

feelings of failure and inadequacy

self esteem in middle childhood

compare themselves to others and develop their own standards

breaking the cycle of failure

promote the development of self-esteem; use authoritative child-rearing style

moral development; kohlberg

uses moral dilemmas to assess moral reasoning

preconventional morality (stages 1 and 2)

people follow unvarying rules based on rewards and punishments

conventional morality (3 and 4)

people approach problems in terms of their own position as good; responsible members of society

postconventional morality (stages 5 and 6)

universal moral principles are invoked and considered broader than a particular society

friend in middle childhood

provide emotional support, help handle stress, teach control their emotions, teach about communication, foster intellectual growth, and practice relationship skills

stage 1 of damon’s stages of friendship

basing friendship on others’ behavior; children see friends as like themselves; children see friends as people to share toys with; do not take into account personal traits

stage 2 of damon’s stages of friendship

basing friendship on trust; children begin to take others’ personal qualities and traits into consideration; friends are viewed in terms of kinds of rewards they provide; friendships are based on mutual trust

stage 3 of damon’s stages of friendship

basing friendship on psychological closeness; friendships become based on intimacy and loyalty; friendships involve mutual disclosure and exclusivity

high status children

form friendships with high status children, more likely to form exclusive and desirable cliques, tend to play with a greater number of children, have greater access to resources

low status children

form friendships with other lower status children, tend to play with a lower number of children, are more likely to play with younger or less popular children, tend to follow the lead of higher status children

popular children

helpful and cooperative, good sense of humor, good emotional understanding ask for help, not overly reliant on others, adaptive to social situations, and social problem solving skill competence

unpopular children

neglected: receive little attention from their peers in the form of either positive or negative interaction; rejected: actively disliked and their peers may react to them in an obviously negative manner

bullying characteristics

loners who are fairly passive, often cry easily, and lack the social skills that might otherwise defuse the situation

single parent family

majority of cases are with the mom; consequences depend on whether other parent ever lived at home and economic status

blended family

remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them; involves role ambiguity

families with gay parents

1-5 million US families headed by this; possibility of discrimination and

puberty

begins when pituitary gland signals other glands to produce androgens and estrogens

lepin

hormone that plays a role in the onset of puberty

primary sex characteristics

associated with the development of the organs and body structures related directly to reproduction (testes and ovaries)

secondary sex characteristics

visible signs of sexual maturity that do not involve the sex organs directly (breasts, pubic hair, facial hair)

obesity in adolescence

changes; ratio of body fat to muscle increase and metabolism rate decreases; causes: lack of exercise, avalibility of fast foods and leisure time with media

anorexia

starvation to maintain low weight

bulimia

binge and purge eating

brain development in adolescence

assert themselves, greater independence

prefrontal cortex in adolescence

still immature; risky behavior and impulse control

binge drinking

impacts people who do it and don’t; brain scans show damaged tissues; for men its drinking 5 or more drinks in one sitting and for women its four drinks

piaget’s pendulum problem

to compare motions of longer and shorter strings; concrete operational stage vs formal operation stage

formal operational stage

12+ years; development of abstract and hypothetical reasoning; development of propositional logic reasoning that uses abstract logic in the absence of concrete examples

consequences of adolescents’ use of formal operations

increased abstract reasoning, critical thinking, more argumentative and indecision

metacognition in adolescence

thinking about own thoughts (self-consciousness), monitors own learning processes more efficiently, and paces own studying

adolescent egocentrism

state of self-absorption in which the world is seen as focused on oneself; imaginary audience and personal fables

self concept in adolescence

view broadens → one’s own assessment and others’ views and more organized and coherent → view self in terms of traits and multiple aspects

identity adolescence

appropriate identity that sets foundation for future psychosocial development

confusion adolescence

sense of self is diffuse with adoption of socially unacceptable roles

depression

incidence: 3%, higher among girls than boys; causes: biological, environmental, and social factors

suicide

second most common cause of death for 15-24 yr olds; possible causes: depression, family conflicts, history of abuse, drug and alcohol use

physical fitness in early adulthood

superior physical capabilities require exercise and diet; recommended 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week

obesity in early adulthood

36% of adults, on the rise, as age increase more are classified

leading causes of death for early adulthood

accidents, aids, cancer, heart disease, suicide, and murder

postformal thinking

adult predicaments are solved by weighing all aspects of a situation according to one’s values and beliefs

relativistic thinking

different societies, cultures, and individuals could have different standards and values

acquisitive stage

acquire information

achieving stage

intelligence applied to specific situations

responsible stage

major concerns relate to personal situations

executive stage

broader perspective; concerns about the world

re-integrative stage

focus on tasks that have personal meeting

prejudice and discrimination in college

hostile sexism and benevolent sexist

college adjustment

first year reaction: affects successful students in high school and first generation

features of emerging adulthood

identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in between, and optimism

intimacy

closeness, a degree of selflessness, sexuality

isolation

fear of relationships and feelings of loneliness

sternberg’s triangular theory: three facets of love

intimacy, passion, and commitment

homogamy

tendency to marry someone who is similar in basic demographic characteristics

marriage gradient

tendency to marry women who are slightly younger, smaller, lower in status: for women to marry men who are older, larger, and higher in status

presbyopia

loss of near vision

eyesight in middle adulthood

starting at 40, visual activity declines; declining depth perception and night vision

glaucoma

pressure in eye fluid increases

presbycusis

ability to hear high pitched, high frequency sounds declines