L10- FORMATION OF ACETYL COA

Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

Pyruvate

The end product of glycolysis, which can be converted into lactate or acetyl CoA depending on oxygen availability.

Anaerobic condition

A condition in which oxygen is not present, leading to the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

Acetyl CoA

A key molecule that enters the TCA cycle for energy production, formed from pyruvate during aerobic respiration.

NADH

A reduced form of NAD+ that carries electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

Hexokinase

An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate; regulates glycolysis.

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

The enzyme that catalyzes the committed step in glycolysis and is regulated by various factors.

Gluconeogenesis

The metabolic process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

Oxidative phosphorylation

The process of ATP production that occurs in mitochondria, where electrons are transferred through the electron transport chain.

Substrate level phosphorylation

The direct production of ATP from ADP by transferring a phosphate group from a high-energy substrate.

Cori cycle

The metabolic pathway that enables the recycling of lactate produced in muscles back into glucose in the liver.

Regulation of glycolysis

The mechanisms that control the rate of glycolysis to meet cellular energy needs.

Glucokinase

An enzyme that phosphorylates glucose and regulates its uptake in the liver and β cells of the pancreas.

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

An important regulator of glycolysis that activates PFK-1 and is influenced by insulin.

Lactate dehydrogenase

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate under anaerobic conditions.

Enzyme inhibition

The process by which a molecule impedes the activity of an enzyme.

Pyruvate kinase

An enzyme that catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, converting phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate.

Clinical significance of Hexokinase

It plays a crucial role in maintaining intracellular glucose concentrations.

TCA Cycle

The tricarboxylic acid cycle, a key metabolic pathway that produces energy via oxidation of acetyl CoA.

Lactate

The byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis which can be recycled back into glucose.

Aldolase

An enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in the glycolytic pathway.

AMP

A molecule that activates PFK-1 in glycolysis when ATP levels are low.

ATP

The primary energy carrier in cells, produced during glycolysis and cellular respiration.

Galactose metabolism

The conversion of galactose to glucose derivatives through several enzymatic steps.

Fructose

A simple sugar that enters glycolysis through different pathways than glucose.

Oxidative decarboxylation

The process by which pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA with the release of CO2 and formation of NADH.

Mitochondrial matrix

The compartment within mitochondria where the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex operates.

Insulin

A hormone that promotes the uptake of glucose and regulates metabolism, including glycolysis.

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

An intermediate in glycolysis that is cleaved to form two three-carbon molecules.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

A three-carbon molecule produced during glycolysis, playing a key role in energy production.

Phosphohexose isomerase

An enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate.

Glycogen synthesis

The process of forming glycogen from glucose molecules for energy storage.

Heavy metals

Toxic substances that can inhibit various enzymes, including those involved in glycolysis.

Energy efficiency in glycolysis

The optimization of glucose conversion into ATP while minimizing waste.

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

A genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in aldolase B, leading to an accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate.

Biological significance of Glucokinase

It plays a critical role in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis.