SAVVAS California Experience Chemistry in the Earth System Investigation 2 Quizlet

Momentum

The product of an object's mass and its velocity

Kinetic energy

The product of an object's mass and the square of its velocity divided by 2

Thermal energy

The kinetic energy of the atoms in a substance

Total internal energy

Includes the potential energy states of all individual particles in that make up the atoms in a system, making it difficult to measure

Electricity

A form of energy associated with (electrically) charged particles.

Current

The flow of electrons in a system. Measured in amps.

Resistance

The force working against the flow of current through a circuit. Measured in ohms.

Power

The rate of energy flow in a system. Measured in watts.

Formula for electrical power

Resistance * square of current

Electric potential

The voltage that a battery provides for use across the circuit it is in.

Heat

The transfer of thermal energy from one object to another.

Conduction

The transfer of heat through or between physical objects in contact.

Convection

The transfer of heat by fluid motions of materials.

Radiation

The transfer of heat through electromagnetic radiation.

Thermal conductivity

A measure of how efficiently heat is conducted through a material.

Insulators

Materials with very low thermal conductivities

q (variable)

Rate of heat flow (Q/t)

Heat flux

Amount of heat flow per unit time per unit area (phi)

Equation for heat conduction through a sheet of material

phi=k(T1-T2)/L

Viscosity

An object's resistance to flowing, measured in Pa*s.

Thermal expansion

A phenomenon in which materials expand when they are heated.

Rayleigh number

An index of the behavior of convection.

Formula for Rayleigh number

Ra=(p^2Cpga(T1-T2)LWH)/muk

Thermal boundary layers

Regions in physical systems involving convection that do not undergo convection and conduct heat.

Black-body radiation

An approximation of the radiation spontaneously emitted by the atoms of objects that describes radiation by an object over a continuous range of frequencies.

Entropy

The measure of the disorder of a system.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

The entropy of an isolated system never decreases. A system always spontaneously evolves towards thermodynamic equilibrium, or a state of maximum entropy.

Thermal equilibrium

A state in which heat is no longer flowing and entropy is at its maximum.

Self-organization

The organization of matter into complex structures based on the natural outcomes of the properties and forces of nature.