Language disorders exam 3

Decontextualized vs Contextualized

Decontextualized- Will be used away from the place of therapy (practicing it in natural enviroments like at recess) and removing the support

Contextualized- Making the therapy technique happen

What is parallel talk vs self talk

Parallel talk- The adult is describing/ narrating what the child

Self talk- the adult is narrating what they’re feeling, thinking, doing

Overview of recasting

Setting up opportunities for clients to use targets by unconciously giving the child opportunities to speak/encourage spontaneous speech

Morphosyntax

Adding morphemes to make the sentence syntactically appropriate

Semantic Extension

Adding additional information-semantic features

Child- Truck fall

Adult- The truck is falling off the first

Child- Truck is falling

Syntactical Expansion

Not adding any additional sententence, just repairing a sentence + adding the elements needed to better formulate a sentence (morphosyntax)

Child- Cookie broke

Adult- the cookie is broken

Child- Cookie is broken

With prompting is dependency good or bad?

Dependency is not good

The gradual elimination of the support elements making interactions less natural, there’s also reinforcement in this

Fading

What are four preventative strategies going children benefit from?

• phonological awareness

• Alphabetic awareness

• Oral language skills

• Emergent skills

Match the correct term with the definition:

Helps children become aware of sounds and how they help build words

Phonological awareness

Match the following definition with word: Help children become aware of sounds and how they help build word

Phonological awareness

Match the following definition with word: Help children notice letters and their relationship to sounds

Alphabetic awareness/Print awareness

Match the following definition with the word: Shared book reading leads to more mature sentences from adults • Encourage frequent on-going interaction and conversation with children

Oral language skills

Match the following definition with the word: • Allow children to practice writing, even when the product is undefinable • Teaches how to use written symbols to communicate

Emergent writing

Narrative microstructures vs macrostructures

Miscrostructures- Sentence complexity

• Word choice

• Use of cohesive devices (like pronouns, conjunctions, etc.)

• Grammatical accuracy

Macrostructures-

• Setting

• Characters

• Problem or initiating event

• Attempts

• Outcomes or resolutions

• Ending

What is AAC?

Augmentative & Alternative Communication- methods of communication that enhance/augument or replace the typical forms of communication

What are three criteria we want to meet with AAC?

-Functional communication- rapid, effective, complete

-Acceptable to all parties- to the client, family & usable within the community

-As complex as possible

Why is data collection important?

• Helps document therapy efficacy

• Helps plan treatment steps

• Focus on what the child needs to practice first/learn and then figure out what to document progress

Three types of reinforcement

Social reinforcement- most natural, conversation continues or even a "high 5” positive feedback

Primary reinforcement- things we need to live

Secondary reinforcement- Stickers, money, prize

Explain functional communication training

An evidence- based strategy to replace a maladaptive behavior with functionable(socially-acceptable behavior)

Steps of goal attainment scale (GAS)

1 select target behavior (BX)

2 Describe (BX) in objective terms

3 Develop 3-5 descriptions of levels to document progress

What is the definition of an intellectual disability

Intellectual disabilities can be characterized by limitations in intellectual capabilities such as problem-solving, reasoning, learning, general cognitive abilities and in adaptive capabilities such as everyday pragmatic & social skills

What can be some potential causes of intellectual disabilities?

Can be caused by a wide range of neurological factors affecting the brain

What are the three levels of tech in AAC?

1. High tech- Speech generating devices, navigation tools

2. Light tech- Pictures, objects, communication boards & books?

3. No tech- gestures, body language, facial expressions, verbalizations, Manual signs

Multimodal communication in AAC

Multiple means of communication to express oneself or understand others?

Aided vs unaided AAC modeling

Aided- Requires a form of external support- electronic or non-electronic. Unaided- Requires no external tools but some forms require some degree of motor control

What is EBP (Evidence-based practice)

The process of making clinical decisions based on the best available evidence, clinical expertise as well as the individuals needs/preferences of the client

What are the main reasons for Evidence based practice

• to improve outcome using proven research-backed methods

• to avoid outdated practice

• science experimece and client work

Levels of external evidence, the isosceles triangle

1. Expert opinion

2. Correlational studies

3. controlled studies

4. Randomized control trials

5. Systematic reviews- meta analysis

Levels of Internal evidence; isosceles triangle

• External scientific evidence (what research says)

• Clinical expertise (your professional judgment)

• Client/patient values and preferences (what the client wants or needs)

EBP is the process of making clinical decisions based on the best available evidence, clinical expertise, and the individual needs and preferences of the client. It helps professionals (like speech-language pathologists) give the most effective and appropriate care.

Naturalistic vs structured concepts for intervention

Naturalistic- Refers to interventions embedded within familiar routines (getting ready for bed, shared book reading. Essentially this is outside of the clinic EMT is a great example

Structured-Adult-led & controlled approach to teaching (clinical & quiet environment)

Explain the behaviorism theory and who developed it

Behaviorism is a theory suggesting that learning occurs when an environmental stimulus triggers a response or behavior. B.F. Skinner

What are the five components of an article?

-Abstract

-Introduction

-Method

-Results

-Discussion

A-B-C model

A- Antecedent- stimulus or event that precedes a behavior.

B- The observable action performed by the individual consequence- response or outcome that follows the behavior which can influence the likelihood of the following consequence

C-Since we are only doing positive there’s three components; social reinforcement- conversation keeps going, “high five”, positive feedback, Primary reinforcement- things we need to live, Secondary- stickers prizes or money

What is the connection between language & literacy

The difference between the two is that Language is listening & understanding/speaking. Literacy revolves around reading & writing skills

Some general connections could be in vocabulary, the more vocabulary a child has acquired & understands, the better they’re able to comprehend what they’re reading. The more they’re able to syntactically & semantically use language the better their narrative skills can be in reading, writing & speaking

In the Bean et al. (2020) study why did authors think there would be a difference in the three groups?

The three groups; children with autism spectrum disorder, DLD, typical development; mainly because each group learns differently

• Children with Autism typically experience deficits in social/pragmatic skills so they may not be as engaged in social activities like shared book reading

• DLD- they have trouble using/understanding language, so at times they may be engaged or disengaged

• Developing kids have typical social communication skills

What are the main concepts derived from the Bean et.al article and why is the et.al at the end?

The et. al is to abbreviate that there were more authors writing this article so it means “and all other authors”

• Book reading orientation across different groups of children (DLD, Autism and typical developing children) is the main concept being investigating

• Children with Autism show less engagement, engagement supports Early literacy skills. different challenges/needs

• Book reading is a social activity

Generally, what is Enhanced Mileu

This can be a language intervention technique that is for children with DLD, it essentially combines naturalistic & structured learning to contribute to overall language development

Sentence combination approach

• Embedding- taking two related ideas and inserting one of those ideas into another

  e.g original sentence: The child ran. It had blonde hair and brown eyes.

  New sentence: The child who had brown eyes & blonde hair ran.

• Conjoining- Taking two independent clauses and combining them with a suboordinating clause.

  E.g- Original sentence- Mom tried to cook dinner. It burned in the oven

  New sentence- Mom tried to cook dinner but it burned in the oven.

Implicit vs explicit learning

Implicit is more child directed and natural, children will naturally pick up on linguistic patterns

Explicit is more strctured and clinician/adult controlled

Which intervention techniques are Implicit?

-Auditory bombardment

-Parallel talk

-Modeling in EMT

-Incidental teaching

-Balanced interaction

What are explicit therapy techniques?

-Shaping

-Mand-model

-Functional communication training

-Recasting-

-Sentence combining- Explicit grammar & sentence structure

What are some vocab decisions for older vs younger children

Younger- Minimally speaking children should be using functional words

After pre-school- must begin to use derivational morphemes

What are the four components of AAC

-Symbols

-Forms

-Strategy & layout

What is the social interactionists theory

Children learn language through social interaction with more skilled communication partners

What is generalization

the ability of an individual to take a learned skill & apply it

Three things that can be changed in doing generalization & an example

-Stimuli generalization-Change materials

-Interlocutor generalization- change people

-Setting generalization- Change places, contexts

Three tiers of vocabulary

Tier three- words of everyday speech, familiar to most students

Tier two- Words that can be used in a lot of places but not all the time

Tier one- Content words used in class

Explain the Assertive-Responsive scheme and what happens if there’s an absence of one?

Child must be assertive & responsive (based on situation) Absence in any combination- leads to reduced social interaction

Generally, what is the purpose of sentence combinations?

Making a less complex sentence into a more complex sentence

Three general intervention techniques for DLD

-Sentence combination

-Enhanced Mileu Teaching

-Enhanced Conversational Retrain

Enhanced Mileu Training

Setting up the environment to increase the likelihood of child initiation-respond to client’s initiation or prompt for specific target

Enhanced conversational retrain

Reformulate the child’s utterance to make more advanced form (changing sentence structure/syntax)

How to use the social interaction to guide therapy and who made this theory

Lev vygotsky- follow the child’s lead/social routines

Specific therapy methods within the social interactionist theory

-Parallel talk

-Self-talk

-Modeling