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The Threat of Our Own Mistakes
Interphase
preparing the cell for creating a new cell
G1
Cell physically grows larger to prepare for DNA replication
Synthesis
DNA is replicated to ensure the genes are passed on to the daughter cell
G2
cell continues to grow and prepare for division
Mitosis
equally dividing the copied genetic material (DNA) between two cells
checkpoints
inspection stops, verifying that each stage has correctly performed their designated task without error
occurs after G1, G2, and the middle of Mitosis
What may occur if checkpoints are not performing correctly?
The host cell will divide uncontrollably, forming cancerous tumors.
tumor suppressor
regulates growth
determines the speed/rate of process
proto-oncogene
regulates cell division and repairs damaged DNA signs apoptosis
apoptosis
cell is programmed to death to rid of defected cells
substitiution
one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide
deletion
one or more base pairs is removed
insertion
one or more base pairs is added
effects of mutations in DNA sequence
can alter the shape or function of the protein
frameshift mutation
results from insertion or deletion; changes reading frame of DNA
potential to develop into cancer cells with ability to rapidly divide and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, forming tumors (cancer cell clusters)
transcription (step 1 of protein synthesis)
process where DNA is used as a template to produce RNA (in the nucleus)
translation (step 2 protein synthesis)
process that reads the RNA codons to make proteins (in the cytoplasm)
mRNA
Messenger RNA: the instructions for making a protein are encoded within its sequence of nucleotides
tRNA
Transfer RNA: attaches to amino acids and then transfers them to the ribosome during translation
rRNA
combines with ribosomal proteins to make up the actual ribosome
