Real Anatomy Semester 1 Final

hormones

hormones

chemical messengers in the blood that regulate various processes in teh body

CNS (the central nervous system)

consists of the brain and spinal cord

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

consists of neurons that are NOT in the brain and spinal cord

Cerebrum

makes up most of the brain, divided into two hemispheres (halves)

cerebellum

little brain, responsible for heart rate, breathing

brain stem

the base of the brain, responsible for heart rate, breathing

Parietal lobe

manages your five senses

Occipital lobe

back of the brain, responsible for visual perception

Frontal lobe

front of brain, responsible for communication, memory, and attention

Temporal lobe

responsible for processing, auditory, information and also encodes memory

Pituitary gland

small gland at the base of the brain, releases many hormones

Corpus callosum

connects the two halves of the brain and communicates between them

Phineas Gage

a pole went through his frontal lobe, he survived, but his personality changed

Neuron

nervous system cell that sends electrical signals throughout the body

glial cells

like glue in neurons, providing structural support

Dendrite

sends impulses to the cell body of the neuron

Axon

takes impulses away from the cell body of the neuron

Multiple Sclerosis

disease where immune system attacks the myelin sheath of neurons

ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

motor neurons completely break down over time

Parkinson's Disease

a movement disorder in which the brain breaks down over time

Muscular Dystrophy

group of disease that cause weakness and decreased muscle mass

Nodes of Ranvier

gap between schwann cells on the myelin sheath of neurons

myelin sheath

lipid layer that covers the axon

sensory neuron

carry messages from your sense organs to your brain

motor neuron

carry messages to your muscles to help with movement

Interneurons

neurons in the brain and spinal cord

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that carry impulses across the synapse between neurons

Synapse

space between axon of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron

action potential

electrical impulse that travels down the axon of a neuron

Sodium-potassium pump

returns the cell to resting potential (resets neuron)

Receptors

proteins on a cell that receive neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine

electrical impulse that travels down the axon of a neuron

Dopamine

neurotransmitter involved in motivation, mood, pleasure, attention, memory

Serotonin

neruotransmiter involved in sleep and mood regulation

Epinephrine

adrenaline, neurotransmitter involved in fight or flight response

Norepinephrine

neurotransmitter involved in stress and attention regulation

Glutamate

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

neurotransmitter found only in the brain, essential for normal brain function

Histology

the study of tissues

Ligament

-tissue that connects bone to bone

Tendon

tissue that connects bone to muscle

Orbicularis oculi

a muscle located in the eyelids

Orbicularis oris

a muscle in the upper lip

Temporalis

muscle that moves your jaw

compact bone

hard, dense layer of bone, protects and provides strength

spongy bone

porous layer of bone found at the ends of bone, contains red marrow

Periosteum

outer layer of bone

red bone marrow

rich in blood, found at ends of bone

yellow bone marrow

rich in lipids, found in the middle of bone shaft

epiphysis

ends of bone

Diaphysis

middle of bone

Metaphysis

remnant in the area of growth at the end of bone

Radiology

use of medical imaging to diagnose disease

Osteoblasts

cells that begin the process of making bones

Osteoclasts

cells that break down and reshape bone

X-rays

medical imaging that is used mostly for looking at bone

Ultrasound

medical imaging used for soft and hard tissues use sound waves

The MRI

medical imaging used to detect damage to the tendons, ligaments, and cartilage

smooth muscle

nonstriated, involuntary lines internal organs

skeletal muscle

striated, voluntary attached bone

cardiac muscle

striated, involuntary, found only in the heart

Contraction

shortening and tightening of muscle fibers when you exercise

ATP

energy involved in muscle contraction

Sarcomere

portion of myofibril between two z lines

Actin

protein found on thin filament of myofibril

Myosin

protein found on thick filament of myofibril

Sliding filament theory

cross bridge forms between actin and myosin; myosin pulls actin

Endomysium

tissue that separates muscle fiber

Perimysium

tissue that covers each fascicle in a muscle fiber

Epimysium

tissue that covers outside of the muscle

Myofibril

group of striated muscle proteins inside of a muscle cell

occupational therapy

helps people overcome impairments ni order to live more independent lives

muscle fatigue

muscles get tired

Fascicle

muscle fiber

synovial joints

when one bone meets another, covered in smooth cartilage

articular (hyaline) cartilage

covers the end of the bone, helps with movement

elastic cartilage

cartilage found in ears and nostrils

Fibrocartilage

found mostly in between vertebrae and public symphasis; provides cushion and support

physical therapist

treatment of disease, impairment, or injury using exercises, massage, etc

Anterior

direction in front of

Posterior

direction behind; back of

Inferior

direction below

Superior

direction above

Medial

direction toward midline of body

Distal

direction furthest from the point of origin

Lateral

direction toward side edges of body

Proximal

direction nearest the point of origin

Superficial

at the surface

Deep

below the surface

Ventral

same as anterior

Dorsal

same as posterior

Axial skeleton

bones of the skull, vertebrae, ribs

Appendicular skeleton

bones of shoulders, hips, arms, and legs

Cell

smallest building block of all living things

Tissue

group of cells working together for a specific function

Organ

group of tissues working together for a specific function

organ system

group of organs working together for a specific function

Adipose

fat cells

Blood

liquid connective tissue found in the cardiovascular system

Cartilage

strong, flexible connective tissue that protects you bones