ch 12: solutions

solutions

homogeneous mixtures

mixtures

solutions, suspensions, or colloids

solute

the dissolved substance

aqueous solutions

solutions with water as a solvent

suspensions

settle out upon standing (particles)

colloids

do not settle out

electrolytes

solutions that conduct an electric current, salt base

non electrolytes

solutions that do not conduct, sugar base

What does the rate a solute dissolves at depend on?

the surface area of the solute, how vigorously the solution is mixed, the temperature of the solvent

solubility

indicates how much of that substance will dissolve

saturated solution

a solution that contains the maximum number of dissolved solute

unsaturated solution

a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution

supersaturated solution

a solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution

immiscible

liquids that are not soluble in each other

miscible

liquids that dissolve freely in one another in any proportion

percent by mass

mass of solute/mass of solution X 100

percent by volume

volume of solute/volume of solution X 100

molarity (M)

amount of solute(mol)/volume of solution (L)

molality

moles of solute/mass of solvent (kg)

critical point

the point where there is equilibrium between the liquid and gas phases (364 C and 218 atm)

triple point

the point where liquid, gas, and solids exist in equilibrium (.01 C and 0.0060 atm)

freezing point

the point at which liquid freezes into a solid (0 C and 1.00 atm)

change in freezing temperature (Tf)

molal freezing point depression constant (Kf) X m

boiling point

the point at which liquid boils, turning into gas (100 C and 1.00 atm)

the change in boiling temperature (Tb)

molal boiling point elevation constant (Kb) X m