Geo mp exam

Drainage basin

Area of land where all rainfall will end up in a river

Watershed

Line that makes the boundary of a drainage basin

Tributary

A smaller river which joins the course of a larger river

Confluence

The point at which 2 rivers meet.

Causes for risk of flooding in Bangladesh:

1. Low lying area >10 m of sea level

2. Monsoon season with high rainfall

3. 3 major rivers run through Bangladesh

4. Himalayan snow melt causes water to accumulate at rivers

Human factors increasing risk of flooding in Bangladesh:

1. Population increase resulting in large amounts of people living in rural areas

2. Urbanisation (Dhaka) and building of concrete roads result less water to infiltrate and be stored as soil moisture storage

3. Deforestation results in less interception

4. Climate change results in more snow melt upstream

Impacts and response to flooding in Winchester:

1. Winchester council supplies approx £75000 of sandbags

2. Insurance claims for damage to flood submitted

3. New field converted to a flood plain

4. Temporary 50m barrier + 3400 sandbags deployed at Park Avenue

5. Temporary school was built whilst St Bedes was flooded

How does new field mitigate the flood?

New plain converted to flood plain so it would store a large volume of flood water.

Less water would overflow into the town

Flood defences of Winchester:

1. Durngate sluices which can manually change the amount of discharge of the river

2. Flood barriers and flood walls to prevent and block flood water from damaging and flowing into urban areas.

3. Flood plain zoning (new field turned into flood plain)

4. Nature reserve turned into flood plain as well as intercept and store water due to vegetation at nature reserve

Opportunities of living near rivers:

1. Fertile land produces high crop yield

2. Fish/shrimp farming

3. Hydroelectric power can be used to produce energy to power houses and machines

4. Flat land which is easy to build on

5. Transportation via boats make it easier to navigate across

6. Supply of water

Velocity increases downstream 1:

River becomes deeper and wider due to increased erosion from higher discharge so less friction produced against beds and banks

Velocity increases downstream 2:

Most of the river's load has already been deposited, meaning less kinetic energy is used to push the sediment along with the water

Hydraulic action

Erosion of sediment due to sheer force of water

Abrasion

Erosion of sediment due to rubbing of sediment against river bank

Attrition

Stones carried in river smack into each other causing them to wear down

Solution (erosion)

Minerals in rocks are dissolved

Solution (transport)

the transport process by which material is dissolved in

Suspension

Small particles are suspended in water

Saltation

Rocks bounce and hop across the river bed

Traction

large stone roll across the river bed

Meanders:

1. Water flows like a spiral (helichoidal flow)

2. Velocity on inside of spiral is slow so sediment is deposited in point bars

3. Velocity on outside of spiral is fast so outer river bank is eroded to create river cliffs

Oxbow lake

1. Erosion and hydraulic action at the neck of the oxbow lake occurs

2. During a flood the erosion increases causing the neck to be completely cut off

3. Oxbow lake is cut off from main river

4. Oxbow lake eventually silts up leaving a meander scar

Delta

A landform made of sediment that is deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake due to the decrease in energy of lake to carry along sediment

Levees + floodplains

1. Rivers carry sediment

2. During flood sediment spills out

3. As water levels retreat sediment is deposited along the sides of the river

4. Flood plains are flat areas of land where water is stored when the river overflows

Waterfall

1.Knick point is a sudden change in gradient of river.

2. More erosive rock at the bottom erodes first, creating a plunge pool.

3. Eventually there is so much erosion that overhang collapses

4. Continuous process

Gorge

A gorge is a steep sided and narrow opening between upland areas, usually containing a river. As a waterfall retreats upstream it often leaves a gorge.

GDP

Gross domestic product

GNP

Gross National Product

Development

The improvement of the quality of life

PPP

Purchasing Power Parity

measurement of the price of specific goods in specific countries in order to make it comparative to other countries

HDI

Human development index

Measurement of quality of life based on health, education and living standards.

Measure by percentage. High percentage = better living standard

LDCS

least developed countries

NICS

newly industrialized countries

RICS

Recently Industrialised Countries

BRICS

five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa

Asian tigers

Group of new industrial countries comprising Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore.

MDCS

more developed countries

LICS

low income countries

MICS

middle-income countries

HICS

high income countries

Gini coefficient

A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from zero for complete equality, to one if one person has all the income.

How Nike works

• Headquarters in Oregon, USA

• In 2022, it had a revenue in excess of $46 billion

• It does not make any clothes or shoes itself, and instead subcontracts factories out to make clothes for them

• Nike is responsible for the design, development, and marketing of products

Where Nike sources its raw materials from

1. Cotton - USA, India, China, Turkey, and Pakistan

2. Rubber - Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia

3. Leather - Brazil, Argentina, China, and USA

4. Polyester and synthetic materials - China, Taiwan, and Vietnam

5. EVA foam - China, South Korea, and Taiwan

13 countries in total

Nike factories

612 factories in 42 different countries;

36% of these are split between China and Vietnam

Nike employment

Nike has 83,700 people employed directly worldwide

Vietnam - 404,491 workers

China - 161,760 workers

Indonesia - 103,946 workers

Overall - over 1 million workers throughout 42 countries

Nike sweat shops

Yue yuen industrial holdings Dongguan

It underpaid workers by 250 yuan per month

Average salary of 3000 yuan per month

Employs 70,000 people