Overview of Medical Imaging and Stroke Pathologies

Extra Dural

Injury to the intracranial artery

Lens shape

Lens shape

Extra Dural

Injury to the intracranial artery

Lens shape

Lens shape

Sub dural

Venous bleed

Bridging vein

Involves the bridging vein

Subdural hematoma

Not limited by attachment points

Subarachnoid

Type of haemorrhagic stroke​

Berry aneurysm

Commonly caused by a berry aneurysm

Thunderclap headache

Thunderclap headache and photophobia is a symptom

Intracerebral Haemorrhage

A type of haemorrhagic stroke

Ischemic Stroke (CVA)

Reduction or loss of blood supply to an area of brain tissue

Embolism or thrombus

Common mechanism of the pathology can be an embolism or thrombus

Thrombolysis

Treatment options are, thrombolysis, thrombectomy and/or antiplatelet or coagulant medication

Haemorrhagic stroke

Can appear as a subarachnoid or intracerebral bleed

Transient ischemic attack

Temporary disruption to the circle of Willis

Hydrocephalus

Condition where CSF accumulates in the brain, patient will have enlarged ventricles

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VP shunt)

Typically treated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VP shunt)

Pulmonary embolism

Symptoms include SOB, pleuritic chest pain, coughing, syncope

CT pulmonary angiogram

Would require a chest x ray, which if clear would then allow for a CT pulmonary angiogram

Aortic dissection

Sudden severe pain across the chest/back, feeling cold and clammy with SOB

CT aortogram

CT aortogram would be used with a chest x ray to aid diagnosis

Aortic aneurysm

Symptoms include a pulsating mass, pain and persistent back pain

EVAR

Can be treated either in an emergency or as a preventative measure using an EVAR or surgical repair

Myocardial infarction

Can be a STEMI or NSTEMI

Troponin

Troponin will be released into the blood as a result of damage to the muscle

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram (PTC)

Often performed after a failed ERCP, to place a biliary stent/drain or look for an obstructive cause of jaundice

Nephrostomy

Often performed to drain urine from the renal system due to obstruction

Cholecystitis

Persistent, sharp, sudden right sided abdominal pain

Cardiac Catheter Laboratory

Main source of image capture is fluoroscopy using frames per second

Interventional Radiography

Main source of image capture is fluoroscopy using frames per second

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Excellent at imaging soft tissue structures

Computed Tomography

Quick, accessible, good for trauma imaging

T1 weighted images

Is a type of MRI scan parameter/protocol

T2 weighted images

Is a type of MRI scan parameter/protocol

Arterial CT scan

Type of CT protocol

Portal Venous CT scan

Type of CT protocol

FAST Scanning

Used in trauma and life support imaging to identify free fluid

Mcgrigor -Campbell lines

Visible on the OM and OM30 projections to help with image interpretation

Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC)

Can be called a tripod fracture

Orthopantomogram (OPG)

A dental projection, which shows a broad anatomical region

Intervertebral disc

Fibrocartilaginous structures located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae

C1

Atypical vertebrae of the cervical section of the spine

C2

Atypical vertebra of the cervical section of the spine

Thoracic vertebrae

Vertebrae that have articular facets for the ribs

Lumbar vertebrae

Largest vertebral bodies of the vertebral column

Ankylosing Spondylosis

Occurs in patients who are genetically predisposed to HLAB27 gene

DISH - Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

It is the term used for the ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament

Obstetric Ultrasound - 12 week scan

Detects the viability and number of fetus'

Curved linear probe

Lower frequency probe

Doppler Ultrasound

Non-invasive test used to measure blood flow through a vessel

Fibroids

Consist of muscular tissue

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Ultrasound can be used to exclude the presence of this pathology

Microbubbles

A type of intravenous contrast agent used in Ultrasound

Fibroadenoma

Benign breast tumour

Mediolateral oblique view

Tube angled to run parallel to the pectoral muscle

Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

Calculates the absorption patterns to give an attenuation profile of bone

T score

It is given as a standard deviation

Z score

Compares the patient's bone density to other people in their age group.

Bisphosphonates

It is an anti-restoratives

VQ scan

Diagnoses a pulmonary embolism by elevating air and blood flow in the lungs

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

Intravenous imaging tracer pathway is 18FDG, which binds to glucose

99 technetium (Tc99m)

The daughter or decay product of radioisotope molybdenum 99 (Mo-99)