[PHYSIO LEC] TO1

healthy humans consume drug once tested on animal models

What is the first phase?

target population

What is the second phase?

different demographics

What is the third phase?

once proved to be not toxic, fda review and approval

What is the fourth phase?

phase II and III overlapped, phase IV was not strict

What happened during COVID vaccine development?

Physiology

What is the science of function?

Anatomy

What is the study of forms and structures?

Pathophysiology

What branch studies functional changes from disease?

Comparative Physiology

What branch studies different species' functions?

Biomedical Research

What uses animal models to test drugs?

Aristotle

Who speculated human body function as basis of physiology?

Erasistratus

Who is the father of physiology?

erasistratus

He allegedly practiced vivisection - cut open living humans (used to be criminals) in ancient greece

Galen

Who used animal dissections to explain human organ function?

Galen

he followed aristotle’s teaching

Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (1628)

Spanish of an anatomical exercise on the blood of the heart in animals

William Harvey

Who wrote about the motion of the heart in 1628?

Claude Bernard

Who is the father of modern physiology?

Claude bernard

Who coined the term milieu interieur

milieu interieur

internal environment french term

Walter Cannon

Who coined the term Homeostasis?

maintain internal constancy

primary purpose of organs?

Emil Adolf Von Behring

Who won the first Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine?

emil adolf von behring

coined the term antibody

emil adolf von behring

He used serum to treat diphtheria and tetanus (serum from dead animals)

55%

What percentage of total blood volume is made up of Plasma?

45%

What percentage of total blood volume is made up of Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)?

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) and Platelets

What is the "Buffy Coat" composed of?

Less than 1%

What percentage of total blood is made up of the Buffy Coat?

Antibodies

What contributes to adaptive immunity?

Inoculate

What is introduction to a system?

CRISPR-Cas9

What is the programmable gene-editing tool?

Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpienter

Who won the 2020 nobel prize in chemistry? (CRISPR-Cas9)

James Watson and Francis Crick

Who discovered the double-helix structure of DNA?

Homeostasis

What is the tendency to maintain internal environment?

similar, standing still

Meaning of homeo and -stasis

oxymoron

Dynamic constancy is a form of?

Negative Feedback

What is the main feedback mechanism for homeostasis?

Sensor/Receptor

What monitors the body and detects stimuli?

Stimuli

What triggers a reaction in the body?

Control Center

What compares data from the set point?

the brain

Where is the control center often located?

Effectors

What produces a response to force variable back to normal? they are usually muscles or glands

Set Point

What is the average value in homeostasis?

Normal Range

What is the acceptable fluctuation around set point?

Positive Feedback Loop

What feedback amplifies the original stimulus?

Blood Clotting (1 and 2)

What is an example of positive feedback?

1 - platelets release chemical signals to recruit more platelets, 2 - form a clot around the area

What are the first 2 process in blood clotting (considered positive feedback)

3 - stop blood clot

What part of clotting negates initial stimulus?

Intrinsic Regulation

What type of regulation adjusts on its own?

Extrinsic Regulation

What type involves other organs regulating?

Neural Regulation

What involves nerve fibers and electrochemical impulses?

Endocrine Regulation

What involves chemical regulation via hormones?

Hypothalamus

What produces somatostatin?

Somatostatin

What inhibits growth hormone?

Hyperglycemia

What means high blood sugar?

high/increase, sugar, and presence in blood

meaning of hyper, glyc, and emia

Insulin

What hormone lowers glucose levels?

Glucagon

What prevents hypoglycemia?

Hypoglycemia

What means low blood sugar?

Antagonistic Effectors

What negates response from initial detector?

Buffy Coat

What contains white blood cells in centrifuged blood?

Clear Layer

What is the plasma layer containing proteins?

Milieu Interieur

What is the internal environment called? french term

Teleology

What is the study of purpose?

Vivisection

What is the practice of cutting open living humans?

Serum Therapy

What uses serum containing antibodies for treatment?

Glycogenic Function

What is the storage of sugar in the liver called?

T

Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) triggers an increase in insulin production. (T/F)

F

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) would cause an increase in insulin production. (T/F)