IHS 310 Midterm

What does morality encompass?

Language and behavior that describe the way things ought to be and what type of things we should value.

What does moral character refer to?

Traits, dispositions, and attitudes needed to be able to trust each other and to provide for human flourishing in times of stress

Why is moral character important?

It is essential for trust and human flourishing, especially in times of stress

What does personal morality encompass?

Values, duties, actions, and character traits each person adopts as relevant for his or her life.

How is personal morality defined?

It is 'who you are' as a unique moral being among others.

What influences personal morality?

Societal norms, values, and beliefs

How is societal morality reflected?

Through laws, customs, and policies

What shapes societal morality?

Religious, philosophic, and anthropologic beliefs

What is group morality?

Most individuals join or are swept into subgroups of society based on deep affiliations.

What are examples of subgroups in society?

Religious groups, workplace cultures, clubs, service organizations, ethnic clusters, etc.

What is the primary career activity of an ethicist?

The work and teaching of ethics

What do ethicists analyze?

Issues, moral values, duties, and other aspects of morality in specific situations

What is one role of ethicists?

To work as consultants in the design of ethical policies and practices

What is a code of ethics?

A resource that describes the details of a professional group morality as it applies specifically to your chosen field

What does a code of ethics do?

Describes the details of a professional group morality as it applies specifically to your chosen field

Ethics committee

Most institutions have ethics committees that include ethicists, other professionals and laypeople

What are the different forms of legal protections?

Case law, Legislation, Legally binding regulations

How do legal protections come into existence?

Through court decisions, Congressional acts, Regulatory bodies' actions

National or State laws are a big help because

They embody & codify moral values & types of duty that should govern individual &institutional conduct related to health professions & provide legal interpretations of key professional issues. i.e. licensure requirements for professions

What are the four circumstances under which the state may intervene on a person's behalf?

1. to save their life, 2. to prevent their suicide, 3. to protect them from harm as an innocent third party, 4. to protect them as the 'bearer of the integrity of the professions'

What is the common-law principle related to state intervention on a person's behalf?

The common-law principle states that the state may intervene over time through the lived life of the community to protect individuals in specific circumstances.

What do licensing laws govern in professional practice?

Responsibilities and protections/rights

What is the purpose of licensing laws in professional practice?

To protect the public from incompetence

What are practice standards?

Practice standards are guidelines used to determine what a professional should and should not do.

How are standards of care defined?

Standards of care are defined as a benchmark of achievement based on a desired level of excellence.

What do standards of care measure?

Standards of care measure the degree of excellence in care and describe a competent level of care.

What is licensure?

Licensure grants formal permission from constituted authority to practice in a particular profession.

Who has the power to grant a professional license?

The power to grant a professional license is reserved for the state.

What does licensure indicate?

Licensure indicates that a person has met minimal competency standards.

How do students enrolled in recognized accredited professional programs practice?

Students enrolled in recognized accredited professional programs practice under the supervision and guidance of faculty.

What is certification?

Voluntary process that gives recognition for meeting certain criteria established by a nongovernment association.

What are the requirements for certification?

Includes specific educational preparation, experience in the specialty, and successful completion of an exam.

Accreditation

Process that monitors educational program's ability to meet predetermined standards for student outcomes in education

Beneficence

Acting to benefit another

Fidelity

faithfulness

Autonomy

self- determined

Veracity

truthfulness

Justice

Giving what is rightfully needed

Paternalism

Acting like a parent towards another.

Deontology

Taking duties seriously, duty- driven

What is the main principle of utilitarianism?

Paying attention to outcomes, goal-driven

How is an act determined to be right in utilitarianism?

If it helps to bring about the best balance of benefits over burdens

What are the principles of ethics in the caring response?

Honor expectations, do it truthfully, weigh the least damaging action (maleficence/beneficence)

How do principles of ethics in the caring response guide action?

They move you toward action

locus of authority

require decisions about who should be the primary decision maker

What is moral distress?

It occurs when the individual knows the right thing to do but organizational constraints make it difficult to take the right course of action.

What causes moral distress?

Organizational constraints that make it difficult for an individual to take the right course of action.

Define ethical dilemma.

A situation in which you have to decide whether to pursue a course of action that may benefit you or your organization but that is unethical or even illegal.

What characterizes an ethical dilemma?

The need to decide between actions that may bring personal or organizational benefit but are unethical or illegal.

Non-maleficence

duty to do no harm

Cultural blindness

the process of ignoring differences in people and proceeding as though the differences do not exist

Equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Equality

the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.

Narrative ethics

a method of resolving moral conflict that relies on the use of stories

What is feminist ethics?

An ethical approach that critiques existing patterns of oppression and domination, particularly concerning women and the poor.

Who does feminist ethics aim to advocate for?

Women and the poor, by addressing societal oppression and domination.

casuistry

the determination of right and wrong in questions of conduct or conscience by the application of general ethical principles; specious argument

cultural competence

the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures

articulate the benefits and/or challenges of cultural competence as they relate to healthcare?

It results in more patient participation and engagement, fostering respect and improved understanding, which can lead to: increased patient safety

effective communication

involves clear, concise messaging, active listening, considering the audience.

ineffective communication

include vagueness, assumptions, interrupting, using jargon, and not adapting to the recipient's needs

Who is Henrietta Lacks and what was her contribution to scientific discovery?

a black women whose cells were used to create the first immortal human cell line

how HeLa cells were created

In 1951, surgeons at Johns Hopkins Hospital took samples of Lacks' tumor without her knowledge or consent. The cells were named HeLa, which comes from the first two letters of her first and last name.

How HeLa cells became immortal

HeLa cells are immortal because they can continuously grow and divide in a laboratory.

Who is Day Lacks

Henrietta Lacks husband

Dr. George Gey

Researcher whose work led to the development of the HeLa cell line.

Ethics

provides a language, some methods, and tools for evaluating the components of personal and societal, and group morality to create a better path for yourself and others

Values

Intrinsic things that a person holds dear, e.g. beauty, novelty, efficiency

Morals

Beliefs concerning what is wrong and right in human conduct

How is morality related to actions?

It determines the extent to which an action is right or wrong.

Moral duty

actions required if you are to play your part in preventing harm and building a society in which individuals can thrive.

cultural humility

An acknowledgement of one's own barriers to true intercultural understanding.