Studied by 17 people
gaining new sources of wealth, finding faster trade routes to Asia, spreading Christianity
The three main reasons for European exploration were ___, ___, and ___
caravel, triangle-shaped sails, magnetic compass
Advances in technology like the ___ with ___ and the ___ made European exploration possible
Prince Henry, navigation, sea captains, mapmakers, navigators
The son of Portugal's king, ___, started a school of ___ where ___, ___, and ___ met and exchanged ideas
Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama
Portuguese captain ___ reached the southern tip of Africa and ___ led a ship around Africa to India and back
Spain, Portugal, Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal, eastern, Spain, western
After Christopher Columbus reached the islands of the Americas, ___ and ___ signed the ___ that divided the world into two areas: ___ got the ___ parts, and ___ got the ___ parts
Indian Ocean, Spice Islands
After the Treaty of Tordesilllas, Portugal moved to make the ___ route pay off and used military might to gain power over the ___, which made them very wealthy
East Indies, East India Companies, Asian, governments, money, treaties, armies, Dutch East India Company
In the 1600s, the English and Dutch entered the ___ and set up ___ to control ___ trade. These companies acted like ___ and had the power to make ___, sign ___, and raise ___. The ___ was richer and more powerful than England's company
Hernando Cortés, conquistadors, gold, silver, Mexico, South America, United States
Spaniard ___ landed in Mexico, and ___ were motivated by rumors of ___ and ___ and created colonies in the future regions of ___, ___, and ___
Tenochtitlán, Montezuma II, God, gold
Cortés marched with 600 men to ___ where they met Aztec emperor ___, who was convinced Cortés was an armor-wearing ___, so he agreed to give a share of the empire's ___ supply
payments, tribute, invading, ally
The Aztecs gained power by demanding ___ from conquered cities, but the Spaniards disrupted this ___ system, ___ these areas and convincing many to ___ with him
codices, history, economy, religious beliefs, daily life, temples
The Spaniards destroyed almost all Aztec ___, which were painted books that described ___, ___, ___, and ___, and they also destroyed ___ and other significant places
Montezuma II, religious ceremony, rebelled, conquered, weaponry, Malinche, diseases, natural immunity
Cortés captured ___ and killed other Aztec warriors and chiefs in a ___. The Aztecs ___, but the Spaniards ___ them because of their advanced ___, a native woman interpreter ___ helping side the Natives with the Spaniards, and ___ brought by the Europeans that reduced the Aztec population because they didn't have ___
Francisco Pizarro, Atahualpa, Cajamarca, kidnapping, gold, silver, temples, buildings
Spanish conquistador ___ conquered the Incan Empire in South America, meeting Incan ruler ___ near the city of ___ and crushing the forces he brought with him while ___ him and then plundering the surrounding Incan cities for ___ and ___, destroying ___ and other ___
gold, silver, ransom, strangled, burned, forbidden
Atahualpa offered to fill a room once with ___ and twice with ___ for his release, but after the Spanish received his ___ they ___ him and ___ his body, which was culturally ___ by Inca
Cajamarca, Cuzco, government, conquerors, Maya, Yucatan, Guatemala
After Atahualpa's murder, Incan forces retreated from ___ and Pizarro captured Incan capital ___ without a struggle, establishing a new ___ and offering Incan lands to Spanish ___ who also conquered the ___ in ___ and ___
reconquista, peninsulares, mestizo
The Spanish drew techniques used during the Spanish ___ to conquer the Americas, and because the Spanish settlers, or ___, were mostly men, relationships between Spanish men and Native American women created a ___ population
Native Americans, encomienda, landlords, abused, worked, death
The Spanish enslaved ___ and forced them to work within the ___ system where they farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish ___ who promised the government they would respect the workers but often ___ or ___ them to ___
Pedro Álverez Cabral, Brazil, colonization, political system, world power
The Portuguese king ordered ___ to further explore Africa and Asia, but he landed in ___ instead and Portugal claimed the land, but ___ took decades because the ___ was poor and Portugal, a major ___ at that time, had larger concerns
gold, silver, forests, sugar plantations, Native Americans, Africans, Bandeiras, Natives, skimishes
Colonists in Brazil found little ___ or ___ so they instead cleared out ___ and built giant ___, using enslaved ___ and ___ to work for them. ___ were slave-hunting expeditions that explored ___ Brazil and searched for ___ to be captured, but this often led to violent ___
2, Bahamas, East Indies, gold, resource poor, India, inflation
On October 12, 1492, Columbus reached the ___ after a little more than ___ months, but thought he was in the ___. He was looking for ___ because Europe was ___ and it could be used for trade in ___, but this influx caused ___
Amerigo Vespucci
___ was the explorer who discovered that the "East Indies" were actually a whole new land
technology, demographic, disease, ecological
Interactions between humans and the environment in the Americas caused ___ advances, ___ shifts, the spread of ___, and ___ shifts
mercantilism
___ is why we see growing gap, an economic theory relationship between two trading partners (mama country to baby territories, mama gets whatever for as little as it takes, sells it back for high cost), all about creating high profits out of closed trade relationship
Columbian exchange
the ___ is global transregional trade from the new world to old world
economically, spiritually
Spain was ___ and ___ motivated to colonize the new world
Juan Ponce de León, maritime empire
In 1513 ___ landed in modern Florida and claimed it for Spain, and this was before Spain ever dreamed of building a ___
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, empire, gold, priests
___ led an expedition through what is now the southwest United States, searching for a wealthy ___ to conquer, and because little ___ was found, the Spanish monarchy assigned mostly ___ to colonize the land
priests, converts, Pedro de Peralta, tributary, Santa Fe, Pueblo
___ accompanied conquistadors from the beginning in search of ___ and found success among the native people, and after ___, the governor of Spain's New Mexico holdings, led settlers to a ___ on the upper Rio Grande, the capital ___ was built and Christian missions arose among the native inhabitants, the ___
encomienda, work, abused, Popé, Pueblo, warriors, New Mexico, New Spain
Spanish priests criticized the treatment of Native Americans under the ___ system, but even after it was abolished in 1542, Natives were forced to ___ for the Spanish and were sometimes ___, so ___, a ___ leader, led a well-organized rebellion against the Spanish involving more than 8000 ___ from villages all over ___ and drove the Spanish back into ___ for 12 years
diets, population explosion, ecological, crops, nutrients, soil, forests, farmland, disease, 50, 90
The Columbian Exchange diversified the ___ of people in the Old World and led to a ___, but caused problems in the Americas including ___ problems due to new ___ depleting the ___ in the , ___ being cut down to make , and ___ (-% of the native population died)
wealthy, resources, global trade, business, trade
Because of the Columbian Exchange, European nations grew ___ off of the availability of ___ from the Americas and ___ grew, leading to new ___ and ___ practices
Capitalism, private ownership, governments, investment, profit, economic, inflation
___ rose as a result of the Columbian Exchange, and this economic system was based on ___ and no longer just ___, as well as the ___ of resources such as money for ___. This led to an increase in ___ activity which led to an increase in ___
Joint-stock companies, interest, money, Columbian Exchange, colonize the Americas
The Columbian Exchange led to ___, which were partnerships of investors who bought shares of stock in a company hoping to make a profit with ___, because Europeans had more ___ after the ___ and the common purpose of these companies was to __
mercantilism, wealth, gold, silver, trade, resources
The Columbian Exchange caused the growth of ___, where a country's power mainly depended on its ___ so they wanted to obtain as much ___ and ___ as possible and establish a favorable balance of ___ for mother countries, which in return depleted the colonies of ___
Islam, Muslim, non-Muslim, prisoners of war
The spread of ___ into Africa ushered an increase in slavery because ___ belief justified that ___ ___ could be bought or sold as slaves
legal rights, social mobility, influence, power, generals, army, marrying
In African and Muslim societies, slaves had some ___ and opportunity for ___, and a few could even occupy positions of ___ and ___, serving as ___ in the ___. These slaves could escape bondage by ___ into the family they served
Portuguese, gold, Americas, natives
The ___ were the first Europeans to explore Africa, and traders were more interested in trading for ___ than captured Africans, but this changed with the colonization of the ___ and ___ dying by the millions
immunity, diseases, farming, land, escape, skin color
Advantages of using African slaves in the Americas included they had built up ___ to European ___, they were experienced in ___, they didn't know their way around the ___ so they were less likely to ___, and their ___ made it easier to catch them if they tried to live among others
Atlantic slave trade
The ___ became a massive enterprise where about 9.5 million Africans were transported to the Americas when it ended
Spanish, mainland, slaves, Portuguese, slaves, Brazil, cheap labor
The ___ began to colonize the American ___ and imported thousands of ___, but the ___ surpassed them in the importation of ___ because ___ dominated the European sugar market and the demand for ___ grew
civilize, Christianity, women, non-consensual, intermixing, laws, wives, two
In early colonial society, the Spanish wanted to ___ the natives which really meant convert them to ___ using any means necessary, and few Spanish ___ came to the new world meaning mostly ___ ___ was common which led to the Spanish creating ___ that banned men from traveling without their ___ or they had to send for their wives within ___ years
intermixed, sex, wedlock, marriage policies, Decree, land, New Laws, Bartolomé de las Casas, King Charles, Native Americans
In early colonial societies in the new world, the Catholic Church supported ___ marriages to stop ___ out of ___, which led to the 1503 ___ and the 1539 ___ where men could only get ___ if they were married. The 1542 ___ followed when ___ told ___ he go to hell if he didn't pass these laws that said ___ should be treated as people under the crown
Sistema de Castas, Spanish blood, rights, professions, institutions
The ___ was created to preserve Spanish wealth, power, and privileges, and was based on the percent of ___, determining access to certain ___, ___, and ___
Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Natives, Free Blacks, Slaves
The Basic Sistema de Castas was as follows: ___ had 100% Spanish blood and were born on the Iberian Peninsula, ___ had 100% Spanish blood and were born in the Americas, ___ were offspring of a Spaniard and a Native American and had 50% Spanish blood, and ___, ___, and ___ all had 0% Spanish blood
Casta paintings, 16, race, intermixing
___ were inspired by the Sistema de Castas and came in sets of ___, showing the Spanish fascination with ___ and ___
direction child is facing (towards dad good), child's behavior
Happiness in Casta paintings is based off of ___ and ___
clothes (European good), food (fruits good, root veggies bad), background
Prosperity in Casta paintings is based off of ___, ___, and ___
skin color and facial features of child (lighter than darkest parent good)
Where a Casta painting would fit in the hierarchical order is based on ___
dark marks, lightness of skin, Spanish blood, avocados, uterus, children
Symbols of importance in Casta paintings were ___ drawn on faces to show ___ and some ___, and ___ which are in the shape of a ___ and showed that the couple should keep having ___
triangular trade, manufactured goods, captured Africans, Atlantic, West Indies, sugar, coffee, tobacco
Africans transported to the Americas were part of the ___, where Europeans brought ___ to the west coast of Africa and exchanged them for ___, who were transported across the ___ and sold in the ___, where merchants bought ___, ___, and ___ and sailed to Europe
Middle Passage, transatlantic trade triangle
The ___ was a voyage that brought Africans to the West Indies and later North and South America, and was considered the middle leg of the ___
whippings, beatings, diseases, fed, suicide, 20%
Africans were packed into ships and endured ___ and ___ from merchants, ___ were spread easily, they were not ___ well, and some committed ___, with about ___ dying aboard every ship
high office, oppressed, Latin America, Europe, Enlightenment, revolution
Creoles could not hold ___ but were the least ___ of those born in ___, and many traveled to ___ for education, adopting ___ ideas and bringing back ideas of ___
Spain, revolts, Ferdinand VII, Joseph, creoles, French, Locke, consent of governed, rebellion
Napoleon's conquest of ___ in 1808 triggered ___ in colonies because he removed King ___ and made his brother ___ king, and the ___ felt no loyalty to this ___ king and used ___'s idea of ___, saying power shifted to the people when the real king was removed, causing ___ to brake out in 1810
Simón Bolívar, José de Martín
Creole generals ___, a wealthy Venezuelan, and ___, and Argentinian, led the Spanish wars of independence
Venezuela, defeats, exile, Andes, Columbia, Bogotá, victory, Venezuela, Ecuador, José de San Martín
Native ___ declared independence from Spain in 1811, but Bolívar's army suffered ___ and Bolívar had to go into ___ twice, yet eventually in August 1819 he led a march through the ___ into now ___ where he took the Spanish army in ___ by surprise and won a ___. After ___ won its independence in 1821, Bolívar marched south into ___ and met ___
Argentina, Chile, Peru, Andes, Chile, Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile, San Martín, Ayacucho, Gran Colombia
___ declared independence in 1816 but Spanish forces in ___ and ___ posed a threat, so San Martín led a march across the ___ into ___ and when joined by ___'s forces, they finally freed ___. ___ left his forces for Bolívar to command and he defeated the Spanish at the Battle of ___, after which Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador were united into a country called ___
mixed, Indians, mestizos, creoles
In Mexico, ethnic and racial groups ___ more freely, so ___ and ___ led revolutionary movements instead of ___
Miguel Hidalgo, Enlightenment, Spanish, grito de Dolores
___ was a priest in the small village of ___ in Mexico and believed in ___ ideals, ringing the bells of the village ___ and calling for rebellion against the ___, which in known as ___
Indian, mestizo, Mexico City, army, creoles, property, land, lives, Hidalgo
The day after grito de Dolores, ___ and ___ followers began a march toward ___ which soon numbered 80,000 and alarmed the Spanish ___ and ___ who feared the loss of ___, control of ___, and ___, and the army defeated ___ in 1811
Padre José María Morelos, revolution, Agustín de Iturbide, independence, Spain
After the defeat of Hidalgo, the Mexican rebels rallied around another strong leader, ___, who led the ___ for 4 years but was defeated by the creole officer ___ who later ironically was the one who declared ___ from ___
revolution, liberal, creoles, privileges, united, independence
Mexico's independence came about when a ___ in Spain put a ___ group in power and Mexican ___ feared a loss of ___ in the Spanish-controlled colony so they ___ in support of Mexico's ___
viceroyalty, New Spain, Spanish, colonial government, Iturbide, self-proclaimed, declarations of independence, overthrown, Central America, United Provinces of Central America
Before the Mexican Revolution, Central America was part of the ___ of ___ and was governed by the ___ from a seat of ___ in Mexico, and ___, the ___ emperor, refused to recognize ___ but was ___ in 1823 and ___ declared absolute independence from Mexico, taking the name ___
bloodshed, Napoleon, Spain, Portugal, British, Prince John, Portugal, Brazil, Rio de Janiero, 14
Brazil's quest for independence occurred without ___, starting when ___'s armies invaded both ___ and ___ in 1807 and aiming to close ports to ___ shipping, but ___ and family boarded ships to escape capture and took the court and royal treasury to ___'s largest colony, ___, where ___ became the capital and the empire was run for ___ years
King John VI, Dom Pedro, King John, petition, creoles
After Napoleon's defeat, ___ and the government returned to Portugal, but ___, ___'s son, stayed behind in Brazil and declared Brazil's independence officially after eight thousand signed a ___ asking him to rule after ___ demanded independence from Portugal
Ming, vassal states, tribute
China became the dominant power in Asia under the ___ Dynasty, and ___ from Korea to Southeast Asia paid overlords ___
Hongwu, Mongols, Ming, Nanjing, agricultural lands, Mongolian, fish farming, commercial crops
___ commanded the rebel army that drove the ___ out of China in 1368 and became the first ___ emperor, continuing to rule from the former Yuan capital ___, and he began reforms designed to restore ___ destroyed by war, erase ___ past, and promote power and prosperity, as well as encouraging ___ and growing ___ like cotton and sugar cane
traditions, institutions, Confucian, civil service examination, ruthless tyrant, purges
Hongwu used respected ___ and ___ to bring stability to China, encouraging the return to ___ moral standards and improving imperial administration by restoring the ___ system. However, when problems developed, he became a ___ and conducted ___ of the government
Yonglo, Ming, Beijing, seven, voyages of exploration, tribute
After Hongwu's death, his son ___ emerged as the next ___ emperor and moved the royal court to ___. He launched ___ ___ to impress the world with the power of Ming China and expand China's ___ system
Zheng He, Indian Ocean, silver, silk, tributes, barbarian attacks, isolation
Chinese Muslim admiral ___ led all seven of Yonglo's voyages, sailing from port to port along the ___, distributing gifts of ___ and ___ to show Chinese superiority and more than 16 countries sent ___ to the Ming court, but some still complained that the voyages wasted resources that could be used to protect against ___, so after the 7th voyage, China withdrew into ___
foreign trade, silk, porcelain, Europeans, silver, Americas
After the Chinese isolation, only the government conducted ___ through the ports of Canton, Macao, and Ningbo, but merchants still smuggled ___, ___, and other valuable goods to ___ who paid with ___, much of which came from mines in the ___
economy, Confucian, agriculture, taxes, agriculture, taxes, manufacturing, trade
The demand for Chinese goods effected the ___, but ideas of commerce offended ___ beliefs and Chinese economic policies traditionally favored ___, so ___ on ___ stayed low while ___ on ___ and ___ skyrocketed
Christian, traders, Christianity, science, technology, Matteo Ricci, intelligence, fluency, Chinese, European, Christian
___ missionaries accompanied European ___ into China, bringing ___ and knowledge of European ___ and ___. The first impactful missionary was Italian Jesuit ___ who gained special favor in the Ming court for his ___ and ___ in ___. However, many educated Chinese were still opposed to ___ and ___ presence
Great Wall, Mongol, wall
The ___ saw its greatest extension during the Ming because they feared ___ invasion and ordered the ___ to be maintained and strengthened
government, Confucian, head of state, ineffectual
Hongwu reorganized the ___, replacing Yuan laws with codes based on ___ teachings, and establishing the emperor as the ___, but this worked less well for later ___ leaders
examination, Confucian, literate, Confucian
The Ming government required candidates for high civil office to pass an official ___ based on ___ text which assured administrators were highly ___ and well versed in ___ ideals
Han Lin Academy, Tang, Confucian, political, secretaries, aspects, directly
An institution in China called the ___ was established by the ___ dynasty and issued official interpretations of ___ books, but the institution became more ___ under Hongwu, transforming into six ___ that governed various ___ of the empire and the reported ___ to Hongwu
Censorate, anti-corruption, inspections, corrupt, laws, honestly
By 1430 the department in the Han Lin Academy called the ___ was created to enforce ___ laws, and officials would travel to provinces to complete ___ and remove ___ officials from office, which encouraged officials to obey ___ and deal ___ with others
military, ethnic diversity, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, religious diversity
Ming leaders used the ___ to manage China's ___, but religions like ___, ___, and ___ flourished, with Ming politics and society reflecting the dynasty's ___
rulers, officials, money, taxes, harvest, starvation, Manchus, non-Chinese
The Ming decline was caused by ineffective ___, corrupt ___, government with no ___, high ___ and bad ___, and peasant , so in 1644 ___ () invaded and defeated the Ming
rebellions, Confucian, isolation, cultural center of the universe, Europeans, ports, tribute, kowtow, submission
Under the Qing, ___ flared up for decades even though they upheld traditions of ___ beliefs and social structures and continued ___ and although China was considered the "___" if ___ wanted to trade they could only do so at special ___ and had pay a ___ as well as perform ___ which showed ___ to Chinese
population explosion, food production, nutrition, sons, daughters, religious rituals, families, parents, education, finances
Under the Ming and Qing dynasties, there was a ___ because ___ increased and ___ improved, but ___ were favored over ___ because they could perform certain ___ and would raise ___ under their ___ roof. Women's jobs were to supervise the children's ___ and manage the family's ___
traditional, technique, creativity
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, artistic styles were based on ___ forms of art and valued ___ over ___
french, Saint Domingue, independence, sugar, outnumbered
Haiti is also the ___ colony of ___ and the first colony in Latin America to gain ___ because the Africans who worked on ___ plantations ___ the whites
Toussaint Louverture
___ was a former slave and the self educated leader who led a revolt on Haiti and took control of the island and freed the slaves but was arrested and sent to a French prison where he died
Haiti
On January 1st, 1804, ___ declared its independence
pilgrimages, Mount Tai, imperial legitimacy
Throughout Chinese history, emperors made ___ to ___, which emphasized their ___
civil service exams, meritocracy
The Qing continued the tradition of ___ to build a ___
centralized, force, eliminated, Buddhists, equality, Korea
In Japan, ___ rule collapsed and a ruler ruled the empire by ___ and ___ enemies who were mostly ___ who wanted ___ and in 1592 invaded ___
Tokugawa shogunate, shogunate, Edo, Daimyos, stability, prosperity, isolation
The ___ was the last ___ of Japan with the capital city ___ and ___ governing at the local level with ___, ___, and ___ occurring in society
European, Portuguese, manufactured goods, firearms, Christian missionaries, traditions
In 1543 Japan had the first ___ contact with the ___, who brought foreign ___ and ___ which merchants and daimyos welcomed, but then ___ came and threatened Japanese ___
Closed Country Edict, Nagasaki, Dutch, Chinese, cultural diffusion
In 1639 the Tokugawa Shogun issued the ___ where one port, ___, remained open to ___ and ___ traders so that ___ was controlled
Note 
Flashcard (24)