Respiratory and Lymphatic system

For Bio 211/ Anatomy and Physiology 2, includes the anatomy of some parts as well as general information.

2 semi-independent parts of lymphatic system

A network of lymphatic vessels, and Lymphoid tissues and organs scattered throughout the body

function of lymphatic system

returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood after cleansing them

lymph

the interstitial fluid once it has entered lymphatic vessels

how many major segments are in the lymphatic system

3 major parts

Lymph vessels, like arteries, contain valves.

False

The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the:

upper right side of the body

Which of these organs atrophies as you age?

thymus

What is the purpose of the tonsils?

To offer initial immunity from pathogens entering the mouth

The thoracic duct receives lymph from ___________. 

the upper left body and the lower body

Isolated areas of lymphoid follicles found in the intestinal mucosa are called _________________

peyer’s patches

Large clusters of lymph nodes are found near the body surface in all of the following areas EXCEPT the:

popliteal region

Once fluid enters the lymphatic system it is called ___________

Lymph

The thymus gland is covered by a thick...

connective tissue capsule

Lymphatic capillaries allow interstitial fluid into them because there are overlapping endothelial cells that open when pressure is higher outside those capillaries than inside.

True

Which is not something typically transported by the lymphatic system on purpose?

Carbohydrates

At what point is the fluid of the lymphatic system actually called lymph?

Once it has entered a lymphatic vessel

Of the 20L of fluid that is released from the blood into the interstitia fluid, 5.25L is immediately returned to the blood.

False

BALT stands for:

Bronchus associated Lymphatic Tissue

Which lymphatic duct is the largest, taking blood from the entire left side of the body and the lower left side?

Thoracic duct

The lining of the small intestine is called mucosa.

True

Check all the functions of the spleen that apply.

Resivoir of excess blood, Destruction of red blood cells

A specialized lymphatic capillary found in the digestive system is called a lacteal and they help the absorption of dietary proteins.

False

Which other system is the lymphatic system most closely related to?

Immune

Which tonsils are primarily responsible for inhaled pathogens?

pharyngeal

The diaphysis of long bones contain red bone marrow from birth until death.

False

Which of these is not a secondary structure?

Bone marrow

Which of these is responsible for the destruction of pathogens as they move through lymphatic vessels?

Lymph Nodes

When cancerous cells block lymphatic vessels, fluid builds up. This is called the...

lymphedema

The major function of the lymphatic system is to:

Drain fluids, filter them, and return them to the blood

What makes an organ a primary lymphoid organ?

They are a primary organ because lymphocytes develop/mature there under normal circumstances

______________ mature in the thymus gland.

T-lymphocytes

The two secondary structures of the lymphatic system are the bone marrow and thymus.

False

Which of these has a very weak capsule?

Spleen

Transportation within the lymphatic system

Once interstitial fluid enters lymphatics, it is called lymph and can transport molecules to other parts of the body

Defense within the lymphatic system

Together with lymphoid organs and tissues, provide the structural basis of the immune system

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

Fluid Balance and Drainage, Defense, and transportation

The Lymphatic system is a one-way system, meaning it will go throughout and re-enter the blood stream.

True

Lymphatic pathway

The system begins in Lymphatic capillaries, These drain into Lymphatic collecting vessels, These drain into collection locations called Lymphatic trunks, These all drain into two main large lymphatic duct. One-way system, lymph flows toward the heart, near where it will re-enter the blood stream at the bifurcation of the subclavian and internal jugular vein

Lymphatic Capillaries

Similar to blood capillaries, except: Very permeable (take up cell debris, pathogens, and cancer

cells, among other materials) Endothelial cells overlap to form one- way mini-valves, and

are anchored by collagen filaments, preventing the collapse of capillaries, Blunt, blind-endings

Lymphatic collecting vessels

Collecting vessels in the skin travel with superficial veins, Deep collecting vessels travel with arteries Nutrients are supplied from branching vasa vasorum, Distribution varies from person to person. Vessel walls resemble those of veins, including the presence of valves. The walls of lymphatics are thinner. The valves are closer together in lymphatics Lymphatics contain lymph nodes

Lymphatic Trunks

Before draining into one of two main ducts, lymphatic collecting vessels lead to a few major trunks

(collecting points) in the body, generally corresponding with the major body regions. These are the: jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, lumbar, and intestinal

Lymphatic Duct

There are two lymphatic ducts into which all capillaries, vessels, and finally trunks, drain. The Right lymphatic duct is the smaller of the two and receives lymph from the right upper quadrant of the body. The Thoracic Duct is the larger of the two and receives lymph from the rest of the body

Drainage Area for Lymphatic Duct

The right lymphatic duct drains the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax. The thoracic duct arises from the cisterna chyli (which has drained the abdominal region) and drains the rest of the body

How does Lymph transport or move?

Lymph is propelled by: Pulsations of nearby arteries, Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics, Skeletal Muscle contractions that squeeze the walls of the vessels, Breathing movements that change the volume and pressure of the thoracic cavity. It is not propelled by the pumping of the heart, unlike the circulatory system

What are the “main warriors” of the immune system and their varieties?

Lymphocytes in the form of T-cells and B-cells.

T-Cells

Manage the immune response and Attack and destroy foreign cells

B- Cells

Produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

Primary Lymphatic organs

Primary Lymphatic organs are the sites where lymphocytes are created, mature, and proliferate These are the bone marrow and thymus gland

Secondary Lymphatic Organs

Secondary Lymphatic organs are those where immune responses arise. When the body has need for

immunity, these organs release naïve lymphocytes (those that haven’t yet “seen” foreign pathogens)

Most secondary organs contain centers for dividing lymphocytes, fixed macrophages that function in

phagocytosis, and a heavy blood supply. These are the lymph nodes, spleen, and lymph nodules (tonsils, MALT, BALT)

What are the 2 primary lymphatic organs?

Thymus and bone marrow

Bone marrow

Primary lymphatic organ, Hematopoiesis for the formed elements, Site of B-lymphocyte maturation while T-lymphocytes are sent to the thymus gland for maturation. Loose collection of cells and reticular fibers (connective tissue)

Thymus

Primary Lymphatic Organ, Matures T-lymphocytes, Size changes with age. In infants, it is found in the inferior neck and extends into the mediastinum, where it partially overlies the heart, Increases in size and is most active in childhood. Stops growing in adolescence and atrophies, Differs from other lymphoid organs in important ways, Secretes a hormone called thymosin, Functions strictly in T-lymphocyte maturation, Does not directly fight antigens, Provides the environment in which T-lymphocytes become immunocompetent

The thymus fights antigens directly.

False

Lymph nodes

Secondary lymphatic organs, Lymphoid organs of the body that have the most overall effect. Embedded in connective tissue and found in clusters along lymphatic vessels, Strong connective tissue capsule covers/contains them. Many are near the body surface in inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions of the body. Functions: Filter lymph—macrophages destroy microorganisms

and debris, Immune system—lymphocytes are activated and mount an attack against antigens, Hematopoiesis if necessary

Where are lymph nodes usually found?

Many are near the body surface in inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions of the body

Spleen

Secondary lymphatic organ, Largest lymphoid organ, Located in the abdominal cavity, lateral to the stomach, Has a very weak, hardly protective capsule, Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response, Defense by cleansing the blood of aged cells and platelets, and debris. Serves as a reservoir for excess blood formed elements, Under extreme conditions, can engage in

hematopoiesis – does it naturally in the fetus but this (normally ceases after birth) Contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and huge numbers of erythrocytes

Tonsils

Secondary lymphatic organs, Simplest contained lymphoid organs, First line of defense against inhaled and ingested pathogens, Epithelial tissue overlying tonsil masses invaginates, forming tonsillar crypts that trap and destroy matter, Form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx in

three locations: Pharyngeal tonsil—in posterior wall of the nasopharynx, Palatine tonsils—at posterior end of the oral cavity, Lingual tonsils—grouped at the base of the tongue

lymphoid nodules

Secondary lymphoid organ, Peyer’s patches, MALT, and BALT are patches of lymphoid tissue in particular areas of the body, They are clusters of lymphoid follicles, Peyer’s Patches, also called Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) are in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) is found in the bifurcation of the two primary bronchi

Similar structures are also found in the appendix, All of these destroy bacteria and prevent them from

entering the cavities of the body while protecting the digestive and respiratory systems from invasion They generate “memory” lymphocytes

3 major parts of respiratory tract

Upper tract, lower tract and accessory organs

Upper tract of respiratory system

Nose, Pharynx, and Larynx

Lower Tract

Trachea, Primary Bronchi, Secondary Bronchi, Tertiary Bronchi, Bronchioles Lungs

Accessory organs

Diaphragm, Thoracic Cavity, Oral Cavity

Functions of Respiratory System

Provide O2 for cellular respiration, Remove CO2 from cellular respiration, Maintain acid/base balance of the fluids of the body, Olfaction, Influence of speech, Straining when coughing, vomiting, childbirth

The Conducting Zone

Provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, Remove debris and pathogens from inhaled air. Warm and humidify incoming air, Allows sensing of odors via the Olfactory Nerve, Metabolize some airborne carcinogens, Extends from the Anterior nares to the terminal bronchioles

The Conducting Zones Structures

While the picture on the previous slide is general in nature, the structures of the conducting zone are even more specific, In order they are the: Nose (Nasal cavity), Pharynx (naso-, oro-, and laryngo-), Larynx, Trachea, Primary Bronchi, Secondary Bronchi, Tertiary Bronchi, Conducting Bronchioles, Terminal Bronchioles

The Nose and Naval Cavity

Structure – entrance and exit for the respiratory system with an internal and external structure, Openings – anterior nares vs. posterior nares, Dividing septum with conchae and meati, Epithelium –

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with nerve endings and bloodvessels

Functions of the nose

entry and exit of air, conduction of air, warming and humidifying air (due to conchae, meati, and blood vessels), contributing to speech, protection against inhaled solids (physical barrier), Immune function (the mucus of the epithelium contains lysozymes and defensins which are antibacterial)

Nasal Septum 3 parts

1- septal cartilage, 2- vomer bone, 3- perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

What sinus is labeled with green?

Frontal Sinus

What sinus is labeled in purple?

Ethmoid Sinus

What sinus is labeled in red?

Sphenoid sinus

What sinus is labeled in blue?

Maxillary Sinus

pharynx

Structure of skeletal muscle lined with epithelium (pseudostratified in the superior third, stratified squamous in the inferior two-thirds), Functions- Passageway for air food, liquids, Aids with speech Three regions- Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

The conducting zone of the respiratory system conducts gas.

False

Which of the 2 systems (circulatory and lymphatic) is considered a “high speed train”?

Circulatory system

Which of the 2 systems (circulatory and lymphatic) is considered a calculated taxi system?

Lymphatic system

What is the blue circle laying on?

The hyoid bone

What is the red star representing?

The epiglottis

What is the yellow rectangle representing?

The thyroid cartilage (front and back of model)

What is the orange circle representing?

arytenoid cartilage

What is the green square representing?

Cricoid Cartilage

What is the purple star representing?

Trachea

What is the orange square representing?

Pharynegeal tonsils

What is the green circle?

Lingual tonsils

What sinus is 25 representing?

Frontal Sinus

what sinus is 26 representing?

Maxillary Sinus

What sinus is 27 representing?

Ethmoid Sinus

What sinus is 28 representing?

Sphenoid Sinus

What is 18 representing?

External Nose

What is 19 representing?

Anterior Nare

What is 20 representing?

Nasal Septum

What did 14 represent?

Olfactory Epithilium

What does 15 represent?

Posterior nare

What does 16 represent?

Anterior Nare

What does 17 represent?

Eustachian tube opening

What does 9 represent?

Superior Turbinate

What does 10 represent?

Middle Turbinate

What does 11 represent?

Inferior Turbinate

What does 3 represent?

Superior Meatus

What does 4 represent?

Middle Meatus