cog final: memory

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms and concepts related to imagery and memory as discussed in the lecture notes.

Episodic, semantic, procedural memory

Episodic: event

semantic: fact-based information and knowledge.

procedural: skills and actions learned through practice (bike)

3 stages of memory making

encoding

storing

retrieval

role of hippocampus

this connects memory with associations- remembering traits, qualities of a person in remembering who they are and plays a crucial role in the formation of new memories, particularly episodic memories.

multi-store model

of memory that describes how information is processed through three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. anything not at LTM is lost

sensory memory

automatic reflections of a sense- smell, taste memory

iconic memory

After images- this is visual memory that retains a brief visual stimulus for a fraction of a second- helps watch things that r less frames a second than our eyes (positive) negative is inverse color

STM

20-30 seconds

rehearsal puts it into LTM

working memory

a cognitive system that temporarily holds and manipulates information for complex tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension.

working memory: phon loop

holds and retains verbal info

• phon store: holds auditory information

• articulatory loop: inner voice

working mem: visuospatial sketchpad

a component of working memory that stores and manipulates visual and spatial information.

• visual cache holds visual info

• inner scribe processes and stores spatial, movement, sequences

episodic buffer

stm to ltm

central exec

oversees and coordinates the activities of the working memory components, allocating resources as needed.

LTM

• implicit

• explicit

Implicit: not conscious- priming, procedural

explicit: episodic and semantic

ebbingus, spacing

ebbingus remembered nnosense syllable

spacing is that learning over time is less forgotten

levels of processing theory

strenth of memory comes from using multiple processes- integrating things we know with things we learn, not just surface-level processing.

mnemonics

strategies (chunking, acronyms)

decay theory

unused memories decay with time

intereference theory

interference in encoding stops stuff from getting to LTM-

• proactive is when prior memories interfere

• retroactive is when new info interferes w memry

  • similarity effects: interference from similar stuff is worse

encoding specificity hypothesis

reitreval is better when there is contextual overlap between encoding and retreival .

• internal: body context (eg. drunk)

• external: outer context (eg. location)

semantic dementia, hippocampla damage

impairment of picture matching, language, episodic not bad

impaired episodic memory, perserved semantic

Types of consciousness (states) for retrieval

• anoetic

• noetic

• autonoetic

anoetic: implicit (non-conscious)

noetic: explicit, semanitc- awareness but not personal engagement

autonoetic: explicit and episodoc- awareness AND social engagement

reappearance hypothesis

episodic memory trace recalled same way every retrieval

flashbulb memories

Memories from emotinal, surprising, important events

• public flashbulb: where were you when…

• not necessarily special, as subject to change as any mem

memory construction, war of ghosts

we use schemas to remeber how things must have been

War of ghosts: ppl listen to unfamiliar unwestern folk story, over time it becomes more conventional, especially weird details are ommited

misinfo effect

leading questions can change memories

procedural memory (implicit)

auto behavior related to motor movement and organization of sequence movement

• basal ganglia: motor

• prefrontal cortex: org of sequence

Habits, breaking them

originally explicit memory that becomes implicit through repetition and practice, allowing for automatic execution without conscious thought.

• breaking the habit requires inhibiting the prefrontal cortex, as it organizes cue → habit→ reward

priming (implicit)

info processing without awareness due to prior exposure

implicit emotional responses

fear→ amygdala

semantic memory

acquired knowledge including facts, concepts, meaning

• formed from time and repitition

• organized from general to specific

spreading activation (semantic memory)

automatic activity spread from activated concept to interconnected ones

antereograde, retrograde amnesia

A: non new mems

R: no mems from before amnesia

Korsakoff syndrome

alcoholism leads to thiamine defficiency leads to damaged hypothal connected to hippo- BOTH AMNESIAS, personality change

confabulation

memory error of fabricating, distorting narrative memories (unintentional)

dissociative amnesia

A type of memory loss that occurs when a person blocks out certain information, typically associated with traumatic or stressful events. It can result in gaps in memory for personal information or events, often leading to change in lifestyle

alzheimers

• Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles cause cell death

  • Medial temporal lobe first to be affected

    • Deficit in episodic memory

Healthy aging

losing episodic, but not semantic or implicit memories

domain general cog aging theories

deficits in executive cog processing due to frontal lobe atrophyand changes in attention, working memory, and planning abilities.

associative deficit hypothesis of aging

the idea that older adults have trouble forming new associations between items or concepts, impacting memory recall. Hippocampal impairment stops ppl from recognizing a face AND its context

adaptive cog aging theories

theories suggesting that cognitive aging might be accompanied by compensatory mechanisms that allow older adults to maintain functional performance despite declines in certain cognitive domains. RIGHT HAND PREFRONTAL CORTEXT for healthy olds

taxi

good spatial mem, POSTERIOR HIPPOCAMPUS grey matter

autobio memory

remember every day, personal stuff rlly well, not that good at mem tests, dont use tools or have photomem.