Methods of Philosophizing: Logic and Aesthetics

Logic, Fallacy & Types.

Logic

It is the study of correct reasoning. It provides a framework for analyzing arguments and determining whether they are valid or invalid.

Correct reasoning

Thinking that follows logical principles so conclusions necessarily or probably follow from premises.

Deductive reasoning

Reasoning that moves from a general statement to a specific, certain conclusion if the premises are true.

Inductive reasoning

Reasoning that moves from specific observations to a general, probable conclusion.

Syllogism

A three-part deductive argument consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.

General premise

The broad statement in a deductive argument (e.g., "All humans are mortal").

Conclusion

The statement that an argument claims to prove or support.

Observation

Specific fact or instance used as evidence, especially in inductive reasoning.

Probable conclusion

An inductive inference that is likely, but not guaranteed, to be true.

Fallacy

A common error in reasoning that undermines an argument's logic.

Linguistic manipulation

A fallacy category involving misleading or emotionally charged language.

Psychological warfare

A fallacy category that exploits mental or emotional tactics to sway an audience.

Logical maneuvers

A fallacy category involving flawed argumentative structures or tactics.

Prestige jargon

Use of complex or technical language to appear authoritative even when unnecessary.

Emotional words

Persuading by feelings rather than evidence through charged language.

Double talking

Hide unpleasant meanings with words that have positive connotations; a euphemistic tactic.

Meaning from association

Understanding something based on its relation to something else, often used manipulatively.

Misuse of authority

Citing an expert outside their field or relying on authority without evidence.

Attitude fitting

Tailoring a message to match audience attitudes for approval, ignoring truth.

Rationalization

Giving seemingly logical explanations to justify feelings or actions whose real reasons differ.

Argumentum ad baculum

Fallacy that uses force or threat of force instead of logical reasons.

Argumentum ad hominem

Attacking a person rather than addressing their argument.

Fallacy of Composition

From the observation of each particular member of an organized whole it moves to the whole itself.

Fallacy of Division

From the observation of the organized whole it moves to each particular member.

False dilemma

Presenting only 2 options when more options exist.

Argument of the beard

Arguing that because there is no clear boundary,

a distinction can not be made.

Hasty generalization

Making a broad claim based on too few examples.

Red herring or Diversion

Changing the topic to distract from the real issue.

Slippery slope

Claiming that one small step will lead to a series

of negative outcomes.

Circular reasoning

The conclusion is already assumed in the premise.

Appeal to ignorance

Claiming something is true because it has not been proven false (or vice versa).

Two wrongs make a right

Justifying wrongdoing because someone else did it too.

Philosophical thinking

Critical, reflective reasoning aimed at seeking truth and wisdom.

Correct logic

Reasoning that adheres to valid forms and true premises.

Seek truth

Purpose of philosophical inquiry to discover factual accuracy.

Seek wisdom

Aim of philosophy to apply knowledge ethically and insightfully.

Repeated Assertion

Repeats or multiplies essentially the same assertion with the aim that sooner or later people will accept it as true.

Kinds of Fallacies

Groupings like linguistic manipulation, psychological warfare, logical maneuvers.

Probable truth

Conclusion that is likely but not assured, typical of induction.

Framework for analysis

Logical structure used to determine argument validity.