L1

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering drug definitions, naming conventions, labeling components, and classifications based on source, use, and legal status according to Lesson 1 of Unit I.

Pharmacology

A science focused on studying the history, sources, physical and chemical properties, and metabolism of drugs and how they affect the functioning of living organisms.

Therapeutics

A field concerned with the treatment of diseases through the use of remedial agents.

Pharmacotherapy

The branch of science that deals with the use of drugs in treating diseases, other conditions, and symptoms.

Drug

Any substance, singly or in a mixture, that modifies cellular functions and causes an effect on body cells; also called medicines when used for therapy.

Sushruta Samhita

An Indian Ayurvedic treatise from the $6th$ century BC, representing the earliest known documentation of medical substances.

Generic Name

The name given to identify a drug during its useful clinical lifetime; it is the same in all countries and is not capitalized when written.

Brand Name

Also known as the trade name; the name given by a drug company for commercial purposes, often followed by a superscript registered trademark symbol and capitalized.

Official Name

The name assigned by authorized agencies like the FDA to enlist the drug in publications such as the US Pharmacopeia or Philippine National Drug Formulary.

Chemical Name

A name describing the atomic or molecular composition of a drug, such as $(2S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic\ acid$ for amoxicillin.

Drug Labels

Printed text on medication containers and packaging providing helpful information to consumers and healthcare providers.

Dosage Form

The physical form of the medication, with typical examples being tablets, capsules, syrups, lotions, ointments, and creams.

Strength

The concentration of the drug, written as numbers with units such as $mg$, $g$, $oz.$, $mL$, and $L$.

Total Volume/Amount

The total number of units in a container (e.g., $100$ tablets) or total liquid volume ($mL$) or weight ($g$) for topical/inhalation products.

Indication

The intended drug use, such as pain relief, cough, or fever management.

Contraindications

Specific conditions or circumstances under which a drug should not be used.

National Drug Code (NDC)

A specific sequence of numbers in three sets identifying the manufacturer, the drug itself, and the package size.

Lot Numbers

Also called control numbers, these track products for mandatory or voluntary withdrawal/recalls by the FDA or the manufacturer.

Expiration Dates

Dates on medication packages notifying when a product is too old to be used, loses potency, or degenerates into toxic substances.

Plants (Drug Source)

Sources where various parts are used for drugs, such as Digitalis from $Digitalis\ purpurea$ or Quinine from the bark of the Cinchona tree.

Animals (Drug Source)

Sources where enzymes or hormones are extracted from organs/tissues, such as insulin from the pancreas of pigs and cows.

Biologics

Agents produced naturally in animal cells, microorganisms, or the body itself, including monoclonal antibodies, interferons, and vaccines.

Inorganic Compounds (Drug Source)

Environmental elements like aluminum, fluoride, and iron used for treatment, such as iron for iron-deficiency anemia or aluminum hydroxide as an antacid.

Synthetically Produced Drugs

Chemicals structurally altered through genetic engineering to improve potency and effectiveness, such as recombinant DNA-engineered insulin.

Antihyperlipidemics

Pharmacologic agents used specifically to lower blood cholesterol.

Diuretics

A classification of drugs based on therapeutic use that functions to promote urination.

Prophylactic/Preventive Purpose

Drugs given to decrease the possibility of experiencing a disease, such as vaccines or terramycin eye ointment for newborns.

Diagnostic Purpose

Drugs administered to help identify medical problems, such as diatrizoates (radiopaque dye) used during x-ray procedures.

Palliative/Supportive Purpose

Drugs used to relieve distressing signs and symptoms without affecting the disease itself, such as paracetamol for fever in dengue.

Curative Purpose

A drug used to treat the disease directly, such as penicillin for an infection.

Substitutive Purpose

A drug administered to replace fluids or substances in the body, such as synthetic insulin for a diabetic patient.

Restorative Purpose

A drug used to help the body return to its normal healing state, such as prostaglandin $E_2$ to stimulate tissue repair.

Legend Drugs

Another name for prescription drugs, which bear the Rx symbol and required legal caution labels.

Prescription

A written order for the preparation and administration of medication or therapy by a physician or authorized practitioner.

Over-the-counter (OTC) Drugs

Non-prescription drugs that can be legally purchased without a prescription for self-treatment of various health complaints.

Illicit Drugs

Illegal or street drugs not approved by the FDA, often containing harmful chemicals of unknown strength, such as methamphetamine and cocaine.

Investigational Drugs

Drugs under experimentation in clinical laboratories that may have FDA approval for human testing but not yet for public marketing.

Orphan Drugs

Drugs discovered to treat rare diseases that remain commercially underdeveloped because of low capital investment recovery.