FACE THEORY - GOFFMAN
Positive face → Face-threatening act → Facework
Negative face → Face-threatening act → Lacework
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Speaker → Speech → Occasion → Audience → Effect
Ethos (credibility)
Pathos (Emotions)
Logos (Logic)
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FACE THEORY - GOFFMAN
Positive face → Face-threatening act → Facework
Negative face → Face-threatening act → Lacework
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Speaker → Speech → Occasion → Audience → Effect
Ethos (credibility)
Pathos (Emotions)
Logos (Logic)
CAT - GILES
Interpersonal vs. Intergroup communication
We communicate: Linguistically, Paralinguistically, non-verbal.
Convergence: Can be conscious/ subconscious
Divergence - emphasises distinction
SYNTHETIC PERSONALISATION - FAIRCLOUGH
Influenced by linguistic theory (Halliday) and social theory (Foucalt)
‘The simulation of private, face to face, person to person discourse in public mass audience discourse’
STAGES -
Personal pronouns, informal language to build potential receivers.
Carefully select the vocabulary and visuals used to manipulate the readers’ worldview and ensure it aligns with ideology being sold.
Create a consumer willing to receive the ideological message being sold to them
GRICE’S MAXIMS
(only for spoken texts)
Maxim of quantity
Maxim of quality
Maxim of relation
Maxim of manner
Violating them - breaking them covertly
Flouting them - obvious to all concerned that it has been broken
BERNSTEIN’S LANGUAGE CODES
Elaborated - explicit detail and directness, does not require external context, complex grammatical structure, higher social classes
Restricted - Depend on external knowledge and shared knowledge, more colloquial, lower social classes.
SPEECH ACT THEORY - AUSTIN & SEARLE
A concept in linguistics and philosophy of language where words are used to perform action, not just convey information
Locutionary act: The actual utterance and its apparent meaning
Illocutionary act: The intended meaning behind the utterance
Perlocutionary act: The effect the utterance has on the listener
LAKEOFF’S DEFICIT MODEL
A list of features of spoken language that make women’s language ‘weak’.
A hypercorrect grammar
Overapologising
Empty adjectives
Tag questions
Overuse of intensifiers
Special lexicon
Less swearing
Lacking a sense of humour
BROWN AND LEVINSON’S POLITENESS THEORY
Centers on the notion of politeness, construed as efforts to redress the affronts to a person’s self-esteems or face in social interactions