PAPER 3 - THEORIES

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FACE THEORY - GOFFMAN

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  • Positive face → Face-threatening act → Facework

  • Negative face → Face-threatening act → Lacework

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ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

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Speaker → Speech → Occasion → Audience → Effect

  1. Ethos (credibility)

  2. Pathos (Emotions)

  3. Logos (Logic)

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9 Terms

1
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FACE THEORY - GOFFMAN

  • Positive face → Face-threatening act → Facework

  • Negative face → Face-threatening act → Lacework

2
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ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Speaker → Speech → Occasion → Audience → Effect

  1. Ethos (credibility)

  2. Pathos (Emotions)

  3. Logos (Logic)

3
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CAT - GILES

Interpersonal vs. Intergroup communication

We communicate: Linguistically, Paralinguistically, non-verbal.

Convergence: Can be conscious/ subconscious

Divergence - emphasises distinction

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SYNTHETIC PERSONALISATION - FAIRCLOUGH

  • Influenced by linguistic theory (Halliday) and social theory (Foucalt)

‘The simulation of private, face to face, person to person discourse in public mass audience discourse’

STAGES -

  1. Personal pronouns, informal language to build potential receivers.

  2. Carefully select the vocabulary and visuals used to manipulate the readers’ worldview and ensure it aligns with ideology being sold.

  3. Create a consumer willing to receive the ideological message being sold to them

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GRICE’S MAXIMS

(only for spoken texts)

  1. Maxim of quantity

  2. Maxim of quality

  3. Maxim of relation

  4. Maxim of manner

Violating them - breaking them covertly

Flouting them - obvious to all concerned that it has been broken

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BERNSTEIN’S LANGUAGE CODES

Elaborated - explicit detail and directness, does not require external context, complex grammatical structure, higher social classes

Restricted - Depend on external knowledge and shared knowledge, more colloquial, lower social classes.

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SPEECH ACT THEORY - AUSTIN & SEARLE

A concept in linguistics and philosophy of language where words are used to perform action, not just convey information

  1. Locutionary act: The actual utterance and its apparent meaning

  2. Illocutionary act: The intended meaning behind the utterance

  3. Perlocutionary act: The effect the utterance has on the listener

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LAKEOFF’S DEFICIT MODEL

A list of features of spoken language that make women’s language ‘weak’.

  • A hypercorrect grammar

  • Overapologising

  • Empty adjectives

  • Tag questions

  • Overuse of intensifiers

  • Special lexicon

  • Less swearing

  • Lacking a sense of humour

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BROWN AND LEVINSON’S POLITENESS THEORY

Centers on the notion of politeness, construed as efforts to redress the affronts to a person’s self-esteems or face in social interactions