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What are the purpose of arteries?
Carry blood away from heart
What is the inner most level of arteries?
Tunica intima
What two layers make up the tunica intima of arteries?
Endothelium and subsendothelial layer
What is the purpose of endothelium?
Doesn’t cause blood to clot
What is endothelium made of?
Simple squamous epithelium
What is the purpose of the subendothelial layer?
Provides some structural support to endothelium
What is the subendothelial layer made up of?
Connective tissue
Where is the location of subendothelial layer?
Immediately adjacent to endothelium
What structure is between tunica intima and tunica media in arteries?
Internal elastic lamina
What is the purpose of external/internal elastic lamina?
Stretch as blood fills artery with increase pressure
What is the internal elastic lamina made of?
Connective tissue
What is the purpose of tunica media in arteries?
Reduce size of artery to have less blood flowing through it potentially increasing blood pressure
What is vasodialiation?
Allows arteries to increase in diameter allowing more blood to flow
What is Vasoconstriction?
Allows smooth muscle to contract
What is the purpose of tunica externa?
Provides hallow space so arteries have their own blood supply and nerves
What is the tunica externa made of?
Loose connective tissue
What are the elastic arteries?
Arteries that are really big
Where are elastic arteries located?
Closest to the heart
What is the purpose of elastic arteries?
Experience highest amounts of blood pressure
What are the three types of arteries
Elastic, muscular, arterioles
What number is higher systole or diastole?
Systole
What number is lower systole or diastole?
Diastole
What is aortic dissection?
Damage to the tunica intima
What happens in a aortic dissection?
Blood slowly directs its way throughout each layer of artery
What is the treatment in aortic dissection?
Insert a stent to repair artery
What are muscular arteries?
Contain blood flow to entire organs and limbs
Why do muscular organs have really thick tunica media?
To give lots of control
What are arterioles?
Control blood flow into capillary beds
What are the smallest arteries?
Arterioles
What are the biggest arteries?
Elastic arteries
What are the purpose of capillaries?
Get things that are in blood out and take things outside the blood and bring the into blood
What type of walls do capillaries have?
Thin walls
How many blood cells can fit into capillaries?
1
What type of epithelium is capillaries made of?
Simple squamous
What are intercellular clefts?
Little doors that open or close to either let more stuff leak out of capillaries
What happens to capillaries when you are sick?
More leaky
What is pulmonary edema?
collection of fluid within the lungs from overly leaky capillaries
What is a treatment of pulmonary edema?
Pumping diuretics
Why does pumping diuretics work?
Removes plasma or fluid component from blood causing to drag blood pressure down
What are the purpose of veins?
Carry blood towards heart
What structure do arteries have but not veins?
Internal/externa elastic lamina
What is the purpose of the tunica intima in veins?
Serves as a valve
Why do veins have valves?
Blood inside veins have small pressure that blood doesn’t flow sometimes
What are the purpose of the valves in vein?
Allows blood to flow toward the heart — one way
What is the purpose of the tunica media in veins?
Less smooth muscle to constrict vessel
What is the purpose of the tunica externa in veins?
Helps provide nutrition for tunica media
What is the tunica externa of veins made of?
loose connective tissue
What are varicose veins?
Cosmetic issue — causes veins to appear larger than normal due to blood moving backwards
What causes varicose veins?
Tiny valves start to malfunction and unable to close causing blood to move backwards
What is the treatment of varicose veins?
Inject something that kills the vein or burn the vein
What are the two types of veins?
Veins and Venules
What type of muscle do veins go close to?
Skeletal muscle
Which are bigger veins or venules?
Veins
What are venucles?
Receive blood from capillary beds
Do lungs respond well to transplants?
No
Which lung is bigger right or left?
Right
Which lung is smaller right or left?
Left
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
What separates each lobe of the lungs?
Fissures
What is the purpose of the trachea?
Brings air from mouth to throat to lungs
What is the purpose of bronchus?
Carries air in and out of lungs
What does the lungs rub up against when contracting?
Heart, ribs and each other
What is a pleura?
Serious member and that surrounds the lung
What surrounds the lung?
Pleura
What is the outermost layer of the lung?
Parietal pleura
What is the inner layer of the lung?
Visceral pleura
What is between the parietal and visceral pleura?
Pleural cavity
What is the purpose of the pleural cavity?
Keeps the lung from collapsing
What is in the pleural cavity?
Serous fluid
What type of epithelium are in the lungs?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What does the epithelium in the lungs secrete?
serous fluid
What does the serious fluid provide?
Lubrication for lungs as they change size when breathing
What are alveolus?
Tiny bags or sacks inside lungs where gas exchange occurs
Where does gas exchange occur?
Alveolus
What are alveolus surrounded by?
Capillaries
Why are alveolus near capillaries?
So gas exchange occurs
What gas goes into blood from alveolus?
Oxygen
What gas moves out of blood into alveolus?
Carbon dioxide
What type of diffusion is oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from blood?
Active
What is the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide driven by?
Concentration gradient
What are alveolar sac?
Collection of many different alveoli stuck together
How many types of alveolus cells are?
2
What are the name of the two alveolus cells?
Type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells
What are type 1 alveolar cells made of?
Simple squamous epithelium
Why are type 1 alveolar cells thin?
Have oxygen diffuse in and out of alveolus
What is the basement membrane of alveolus shared with?
Capillaries
What is the purpose of type 2 alveolar cells?
Secrete surfactant
What do type 2 alveolar cells secrete?
Surfactant
What is surfactant?
Breaks down molecular attraction of water molecules
What are macrophages?
Specialized type of white blood cells that live inside tissue
What do macrophages do?
Try to kill or eat something bad that we breathe in
Is there airways connected to each alveolus?
No
What are connected to alveolar sacs?
Airways
What are inside alveoli?
Water
What has a higher concentration of oxygen?
Lungs
What happens when there is a lower concentration of oxygen in blood?
Diffuse oxygen from alveolus into blood
What is pneumonia?
Symptom, amount of fluid inside the alveolus increase to the point to where there’s basically standing water
What causes pneumonia?
Process of many different diseases create fluid inside alveoli
What happens when there is water surrounding alveoli?
No diffusion