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What are Indo-Europeans?
A group of nomadic peoples from the steppes of Central Asia who migrated into Europe and Asia.
What was the significance of the Indo-European migrations?
Their migrations led to the spread of languages and cultures, laying the foundation for many modern tongues.
What does the caste system divide society into?
Four main varnas (classes) and additional jati (sub-castes).
Who are the Brahmins?
Priests and scholars in the caste system.
Who are the Kshatriyas?
Warriors and rulers in the caste system.
Who are the Vaishyas?
Merchants and landowners in the caste system.
Who are the Shudras?
Laborers and service providers in the caste system.
What are the Untouchables/Dalits?
A marginalized fifth group in the caste system, historically assigned the lowest social status.
What does Moksha represent?
The ultimate goal in Hindu philosophy, symbolizing liberation from the cycle of samsara (rebirth).
What is Karma?
The law of moral causation; good actions yield positive outcomes, while bad actions lead to suffering.
What is Dharma?
Ethical duties and responsibilities based on one’s role in society, promoting order and harmony.
What is the Rig Veda?
The oldest of the four Vedas, composed around 1500-1200 BCE, consisting of hymns dedicated to various deities.
What are the Laws of Manu?
An ancient legal text outlining social and legal principles, reflecting the norms and duties of different castes in Hindu society.
Who was Siddhartha Gautama?
The founder of Buddhism, born around 563 BCE in present-day Nepal, who sought enlightenment and became the Buddha.
What are the Four Noble Truths?
The foundational principles of Buddhism regarding the nature of suffering and the path to enlightenment.
What is Nirvana?
The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering, achieved by following the teachings of the Buddha.
What is the Eightfold Path?
A guide to ethical living and mental discipline in Buddhism, divided into Wisdom, Ethical Conduct, and Mental Discipline.
What was Ashoka known for?
Promoting Buddhism and non-violence, alongside improving public works and infrastructure during his reign.
What are the Rock Edicts?
Inscriptions created during Ashoka's reign promoting ethical governance and Buddhist laws.
What does Confucianism emphasize?
Moral integrity, social harmony, and respect for authority.
What is Filial Piety?
A virtue reflecting respect for one's parents and ancestors, central to Confucian philosophy.
What does the concept of the Mandate of Heaven refer to?
The divine right to rule and the justification of a ruler's authority based on just governance.
What are the five key relationships defined in Confucianism?
Ruler-Subject, Father-Son, Husband-Wife, Elder Brother-Younger Brother, Friend-Friend.
What characteristics define Legalism?
Strict laws and harsh punishments necessary to maintain social order and control.
What does Yin and Yang represent?
The duality of opposing forces in nature, promoting balance and harmony.
What was the significance of the Qin Shi Huangdi's unification of China?
Centralized power and standardized systems, marking the beginning of a unified Chinese state.
What was the purpose of the Great Wall of China?
To protect China from invasions and symbolize the strength of the empire.
What were the main achievements of the Han Dynasty?
Cultural and technological advancements, including the establishment of the Silk Road.
Who was Ban Zhao?
A prominent figure in ancient China known for her contributions to historical writings and women's education.
What is the significance of the Terracotta Army?
Buried with Qin Shi Huangdi to protect him in the afterlife, showcasing ancient China's craftsmanship.
What is the definition of bureaucracy?
A system of government where decisions are made by state officials to maintain order and efficiency.
What is Samsara?
The endless cycle of birth, life, death, and rebirth, central to Hinduism and Buddhism.
What does Dharma promote?
Order and harmony based on one's ethical duties and responsibilities.
How did Ashoka promote public welfare?
By improving infrastructure and promoting moral governance through his edicts.
What is the concept of Dao in Daoism?
The fundamental principle representing 'the Way' of nature and guiding individuals to live harmoniously.
What influence did Confucian thought have on Chinese governance?
Promoted moral integrity and respect for authority, shaping education and governance structures.
What does ancestor worship signify in Chinese traditions?
The practice of honoring deceased ancestors as a means of showing respect and maintaining family lineage.
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