AP Bio Unit 1: Chemistry of Life (Old)

Do not use

Electronegative

Electronegative

Oxygen is slightly ______

Hydrogen Bond

A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an attraction between differently charged molecules.

Valence Electrons

The outer electrons of an atom

Cohesion

Attraction between a molecule and molecules of the same type

Adhesion

Attraction between a molecule and different molecules

Greater

In water molecules, cohesion is [Greater/Weaker] than adhesion

Surface Tension

Water has this property due to it having more adhesion than cohesion

Solvent

Water is a good _____ due to its polarity

It is able to dissolve other substances

Polar

Molecules like water that have slight charges on different areas depending on the atom

Nonpolar

Molecules like ethane that do not have a charge

Hydrophobic

No attraction to water

Hydrophylic

“Water loving”— attraction to water

Macromolecules

Very large molecules essential for biological processes

CHO

Elements that compose carbohydrates

Carbohydrate

Represented as long chains or ring structures, this macromolecule is a major fuel and building material

Monossacharide

The smallest form of a carbohydrate

CHONS

Elements that compose proteins

Protein

This macromolecule is composed of amino acid linkages called peptides

Primary Structure

Sequence of a chain of amino acids

Secondary Structure

Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone: fold into a repeating pattern (alpha helix or pleated sheets)

Tertiary Structure

Three-Dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to sidechain reactions

Quaternary Structure

Proteins of more than one amino acid chain

Lipid

This nonpolar macromolecule is a fat composed of long chains of hydrocarbons. It is energy rich

Covalent

This is the type of Bond lipids form when they join and release H2O

Saturated

When a fatty acid is [saturated/unsaturated], it only has single bonds so it can pack closer together

Unsaturated

When a fatty acid is [saturated/unsaturated], it has double bonds which change the direction of the molecule, preventing it from being able to pack closely together

Nucleotides

Thousands of linked monomers that make up a nucleic acid

CHO

Elements that compose lipids

CHONP

Elements that compose nucleic acids

Nucleic Acid

This type of macromolecule directs the formation of proteins and stores and transfers information. It is made of many linked nucleotides. DNA, RNA

Ribose

A type of simple sugar

Deoxyribose

Simple sugar w/out hydroxyl group

Enzyme

A biological catalyst → lowers the amount of energy needed for a reaction

Substrate

The thing that enters the enzyme

Active Site

The place on an enzyme that takes in a substrate

Product

When an enzyme completes its process on a substrate, this is the result

Catalysis

Acceleration of a chemical reaction (by an enzyme)

Competitive Inhibition

Another molecule competes with the substrate for the active site

Noncompetitive Inhibition

An inhibitor binds to another site and closes the active site

Allosteric Enzymes

Enzymes that change shape in response to another molecule