Histology

simple squamous

• Flat, irregularly shaped, thin

• Found in blood vessels and membranes

stratified squamous

• Flat and irregular on free surface

• Protect against abrasion

simple cubidal

• Heavy and stout

• Found in rings

• Found in organs that play a secretory role

  • Glands

  • Kidneys

  • Ovaries

simple columnar

Protective layer on internal surface of organs (stomach, intestines, gallbladder)

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

• One layer but appear as more because so closely compacted together

• Cilia on free surface

• Nuclei found in different locations

• Found in lungs, pharynx, trachea

transitional

• If filled with urine, stretched so squamous-like

• If empty, cells appear columnar

• Found in ureter, urethra, bladder

connective tissue

• Most widely distributed tissue

• Holds us together

• Highly vascular

• Matrix (intercellular space) may contain fibers

• Three types of matrix

  • Connective tissue proper: amorphous

  • Cartilage (bristle): firm but flexible

  • Bone: hard and durable, made of salts

tendons

• Dense connective tissue

• Fibroblasts manufacture the fibers

• Connect muscle to bone

ligaments

• Dense connective tissue

• Fibroblasts manufacture the fibers

• Connect bone to bone

• More elastic

areolar

• Connective tissue proper

• Found below the epidermis

• Holds skin to muscle and holds organs in place

• Cells are known as fibroblasts and produce fibers

• Looks like a spider web

adipose

• Fat tissue

• Contains a large vacuole of oil

• Functions

  • Energy

  • Absorb shock

  • Insulate and maintain temperature

reticular connective tissue

• Consists of a delicate network of reticular fibers

• Forms the stroma or internal supporting network in lymph organs

blood

blood: erythrocytes (red blood cells)

• Anucleated made in bone marrow

Hemoglobin carries oxygen

blood: leukocytes (white blood cells)

• Larger and nucleated

• 5 types (3 made in bone marrow and 2 in lymph)

Phagocytize bacteria

blood: thrombocytes (platelets)

• Smallest

• Function in coagulation

hyaline cartilage

• Most common

• Predominant model for the formation of our skeleton

• Cell known as chondrocyte and sits in a lacunae

• No fibers in the matrix

• Found in nose and the trachea

elastic cartilage

• Looks like hyaline but has elastic fibers in the matrix

• Found in ear and epiglottis

fibrocartilage

• Contains collagen fibers

• Found in pubis symphysis and intervertebral discs

compact bones

• Circular like tree rings

• Cells sit in a lacuna

• Central haversian canal

• Matrix made of calcium and phosphorus salts

osteoblast

bone forming cell

osteocyte

maintains bone

osteoclast

break down bone

muscle

• Functions in movement

  • Contractility: ability to shorten

  • Elasticity:  ability to retain original shape

  • Irritability:  ability to be excited

• Proteins enable muscle to contract

• Needs stimulus

skeletal muscle

• Also called striated and voluntary

• Attached to the skeleton

• Part of the Somatic Nervous System 

  • Under voluntary control (PNS)

• Striations produced from actin and myosin proteins

• Multinucleated

smooth muscle

• Involuntary

• Lacks striations

• Controlled by autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

• Oval shaped cells

• One central nucleus

• Found in GI tract and blood vessels

cardiac muscle

• In heart ONLY

• Autorhythmic cells  -Autonomic Nervous System plays a role (sleep vs. exercise).

• Striations not as distinct

• Branched cells with 1 nucleus

• Intercalated discs strengthen the connection between cells

• Do not require nervous stimulation

• Autonomic nervous system can change the pace