genetics and bio ethics

location of DNA in cells

nucleus

Structure of DNA

double helix, large molecule made up of nucleotides joined together by sugar phosphate back bone

structure of DNA nucleotide

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

4 nitrogenous bases

g,c,t,a

the relationship between DNA and genes

DNA is made up of genes

what is a gene

section of DNA that codes for proteins that become traits

role of proteins in the body

they code for certain traits, this depends on whether they are structural molecules or control molecules

relationship between DNA and chromosomes

a chromosome is a double strand of DNA in a double helix form

number of chromosomes in a somatic cell

46-22 homologous pairs, 1 sex cell pair

what does a karyotype do?

shows 46 chromosomes, can show abnormality, can identify gender

purpose of mitosis

growth and repair

what happens in mitosis?

one parent cell replicates-resulting in 2 genetically identical daughter cells

What are the stages of mitosis

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokenesis

what happens in mitosis interphase

cell growth, normal functioning and DNA replicates towards the end of interphase

what happens in mitosis prophase

chromosomes condense, nucleus starts breaking down

what happens in mitosis metaphase

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

what happens in mitosis anaphase

chromosomes pulled to opposite sides (poles)

what happens in mitosis telophase

new cells start to form, nucleus reforms, DNA unwinds

what happens in mitosis cytokenesis

the 2 new cells are fully separated

What are autosomes

normal chromosomes other than gametes (sex chromosomes)

what are gametes

sex cells

what is a homologous pair of chromosomes

two chromosomes, one inherited from each parent, that have the same genes at the same location

what is a haploid cell

contains a single set of chromosomes, half the genetic material of a diploid cell. (they are sex cells)

what is a diploid cell

contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent,

what happens when 2 gametes fuse together

a zygote is produced (first cell of an organism)

what is the definition of morals

personal beliefs and values

what is the definition of ethics

principles influenced by groups that govern a persons choices

What is the genotype?

the letters that represent which alleles an organism has

what are alleles

different versions of a gene that code for different variations of a trait

what is the phenotype?

the genetic trait observed

factors of dominant traits:

2 affected parents can have unaffected kids, cant skip generations.

factors of recessive traits:

2 affected parents can ONLY have affected children, can skip generations

what are the 3 ethical concepts

integrity: searching for knowledge, strong quality of honesty Benefience: maximise benefits, minimise risk and harm Non-maleficence: #1. priority is minimising harm

how many chromosomes in the human body

46

how many pairs of chromosomes in the human body

23 - 22 in somatic cells, 1 pair in the gametes

definition of somatic cells

all cells except gametes

what is the purpose of meiosis

to create gametes

what happens in meiosis

a diploid parent cell creates 4 genetically unique haploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes

how many stages of meiosis is there

2

what happens in meiosis 1

DNA replicates, turns into 2 haploid cells with double stranded chromsomes

what happens in meiosis 2

the 2 cells with double stranded chromosomes split into 4 single stranded haploid daughter cells