APOLOGETICS TEST 2

Argument

A connected series of statements in order to establish a definite proposition.

What is the purpose of an argument?

To find the truth

According to ancient Greek philosophers, man is defined as a

rational animal

1. Our minds reason from _ to .

premise

conclusion

Premise

the evidence we give for the conclusion

Conclusion

what we are trying to prove

How is man’s ability to reason different from that of other animals?

 Humans can think conceptually ( abstract thinking, i.e., God, math, music), but animals only have perceptual intelligence ( environmental/survival perceptions)

What are the two types of reasoning? 

1. Inductive reasoning

2.  Deductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning

from particular to universal 

1.  Deductive reasoning from universal to particular

1. reasoning from universal to particular

 Simple Apprehension

to understand the intended meaning, concept, terms, words or phrases,  clear terms

judging

relating two concepts, judgment, proposition, declarative sentence, truth

reasoning

drawing a conclusion from two/+ judgments, argument, argument,paragraph, validity

Whether it is sound … what is the difference between soundness and validity?

Something can be valid, but have a false premise, and is not necessarily certain, while an argument that is sound has true premises and a valid conclusion and should be believed.

34. What three questions are asked when analyzing/critiquing an argument?

1.  Are the terms clear?

1. Are the propositions true?

2. Is the reasoning valid?

35. Explain why this syllogism is valid but unsound. What is the rule that is followed to determine validity?

The conclusion logically follows from the premises, which are assumed to be true, but the major premise is false; therefore, the syllogism is unsound.

. What are the three Laws of Logic? Define each.

1.  The Law of Identity X=X ( terms are clear)

1.  The Law of the Excluded Middle. The Proposition is either true or false. X or Not X ( Are the propositions true) The Law of Non-contradiction - A thing cannot be and not be the same thing at the same time in the same manner. ( (X and ~X) is false.