Contentious Politics

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11 Terms

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Contention

Pursuit of collective goods largely outside of formal political institutions, through diverse kinds of sociopolitical struggles
(social movements, revolutions, etc)

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Contentious Politics

Disruptive, direct and highly conflictive ways people advance their claims on elites, authorities and opponents

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Revolution

-Effort to dramatically transform society or political structures

-Radical, far-reaching change

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Framing Theory of Revolutions

-Frames; Interpretation of issues and events that inspire and legitimize collective action, important activity of movement leader and organizations

-Particular issues are framed to identify injustice, attribute blame and propose solutions

-Core idea of framing is that every type of social action we engage in takes place via “discourse” or “stories” we tell about ourselves, our behaviour and the context

-Discourse - Idea or patterned way of thinking that underpins textural or verbal communications

-Revolution takes place when the idea of revolution already exists as a model for addressing discontent

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Three Ways to Conceptualize Framing Theory/Theorists

-Framing theorists highlight the important of cultural factors, movements create cultural meaning as movement leaders and organizations frame issues to identify injustice and attribute blame

-Every type of social action takes place via discourse, which is the story that we tell ourselves about our behaviour and its context

-Framing theorists believe revolution can only take place when participants have a frame for conceiving of it

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Political Opportunity Theory (Process Model)

-Features of the political environment that influence movement emergence, development and success

-Activists don’t choose goals, strategies or tactics, rather the political context and set of grievances present themselves

-Political opportunities provide a window of opportunity for collective action, examples include:

  1. Access to a political system (openness)

  2. Intra-elite competition/elite allies who encourage collective action

  3. Declining capability of the state to repress oppositional movements

  4. External factors (international/geopolitical pressures)

The theory aims to advance a universal, causal theory of social movements

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Everyday Resistance

-There may be barriers to participation in or coordination of social movement activity

-Resistance without organization resources/capacity to solve collective action problems

-Examples; work stoppages, work “slowdowns”, sabotage

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Social Non-movements

Introduced by Asef Bayat

-Collective action of noncollective actors

-Lack formal leadership, specific ideology or organizational structures

-Driven by non-ideological factors

-Uses “Quiet encroachment”, silent and pervasive advancement of people on the propertied, powerful or the public in order to survive/improve their lives

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Social Non-movement Example

-Urban poor of Hayyel-Sellom, community in Lebanon

-Members engage in incremental grassroots form of activism, like tapping electricity from municipal power lines

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Presence-as-Resistance

-Best example is Iranian Women Bicycling Movement

-In the absence of anything resembling formal organization structure or recognizable leadership, and denied the political rights, freedoms and opportunities available to oppositional groups operating in the West

-Making their presence felt by performing in public spaces everyday activities that would be banned by the state

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Iranian Women Bicycling

-Huge numbers of female cyclists would ride in public parts of major cities (parks, streets), defying Iranian laws

-Government declared this unlawful, but numbers continued to rise

-Government could not arrest such a large amount, but were fearful of relaxing the rules as it would result in greater social change

-Now, Iranian women bicylcing is common throughout Iran