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Why is absorption via inhalation very rapid?
Large surface area
High vacularity
What are asphyxiants?
Gases that derive the body tissue of o2 and cause hypoxia
4 types of hypoxia
Hypoxic hypoxia
anemic hypoxia
cytotoxic hypoxia
stagnant hypoxia
what is simple asphyxiants?
examples of such
displacement of O2 causing suffocation
its non-irritating
there is alveolar displacement
its non-direct mitochondrial toxicity
Co2, N2, He, CH3
What are chemical Asphyxiants?
those which interfere with cellular transit of 02 or the utilization of O2
co2
cyanide
Carbon monoxide is produced due……
How does CO poisoning work?
what are the clinical signs of CO poisoning?
Treatment of CO?
Carbon monoxide is produced due to incomplete combustion of organic matter.
Carbon monoxide converts hemoglobin to carboxyhemoglobin and thus the oxygen-carrying capacity is affected.
Bright red blood and pink healthy looking mucous membranes
Oxygen is treatment. Blood tranfusion
Carbon monoxide has 200 times more affinity than oxygen for hemoglobin
Sulphur Dioxide poisoning is seen in animals doing what?
Exposure to how much Sulphur dioxide for how long will be toxic.
H2S04 in the environment causes what?
Antidote?
Animals grazing near copper works and introduction of sodium bisulfate as silage preservative
Exposure to a concentration of 500 ppm of the gas in the air for one hour is considered dangerous.
H2SO4 in the mist in the air causes degeneration of respiratory tract epithelium, hyperemia, edema, emphysema, and hemorrhage.
none
H2S (Hydrogen sulfide) is released/found in what?
Toxicity level?
MOA?
Symptoms?
PM finding?’
Antidote?
released from the decomposition of sulfur compounds and is found in industries like petroleum refineries, tanneries, mines, and rayon production. H₂S can also be produced in the gut or rumen from sulfur and sulfate.
Toxic in small amts.
It inhibits enzymes involved in cellular respiration and paralyzes the respiratory system.
difficulty breathing (dyspnoea), cyanosis (bluish skin), decreased reflexes, and convulsions.
blood non-coagulation, hemorrhages in the heart and larynx, lung edema, and damage to the liver, kidneys, and spleen, along with digestive tract edema.
Carbon dioxide can act as a physiological antidote.
- Inhaling a mixture of 90% oxygen and 10% CO₂ may help animals tolerate H₂S exposure better.
- Adequate ventilation is essential to prevent poisoning.
Exposure to NO2 sources?
How does NO2 cause lung damage?
exposure limit?
symptoms?
antidote?
Animals can be exposed to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) through fermenting silage or from plant nitrates in the rumen.
NO₂ causes lung damage, likely through lipid peroxidation.
The safe exposure limit is 1 ppm, though animals have survived up to 25 ppm.
- Symptoms include difficulty breathing (apnoea and dyspnoea), eye irritation (lacrimation), excessive salivation, grunting, loss of appetite (anorexia), emaciation, and dehydration.
- Pathological changes include methemoglobinemia, dark red kidneys, muscle necrosis, and pulmonary lesions like hyperemia, edema, hemorrhage, bronchiolitis, infarction, and emphysema.-
No specific treatment is available
