MIS 2113 Exam 4

any information sent from a(n) ___ device to a computer for processing

input

a set of instructions (program) executed by a computer to accomplish a specific task

process

anything that comes out of the computer (print, ___, display, view)

output

the ability to record and/or retain digital data

storage

examples: keyboard, mouse, bar code, scanner, touchpad, joystick

input

examples: hard disk, flash drive, ROM, CD/DVD, memory card, RAM

secondary storage

examples: Computer _____ing Unit (CPU)

processing (or process)

examples: monitor, printer, headphones, speakers, projector, web cam

output

User -> (Application -> Operating System) -> [Hardware] -> and back

the computer stack
(software)

computer housing?

the whole restaurant

motherboard houses and connects all the major computer components

kitchen

CPU executes instructions, pulling "ingredients" from various places in the "kitchen"

head chef

typical value of CPU speed for laptops is between:

2.3 GHz to 3.1 GHz

communications pathway that allow computer components to talk to each other

system bus; waiter

measured in MHz
the higher the speed, the faster your computer
speeds can reach from 88 Mhz to over 800 Mhz

system bus

relatively small and very fast
used for storing frequently used instructions on the CPU

cache; spice rack

the more ___ memory, the greater the cost

cache

it is the fastest to access but small (8 KB to 64 KB)

Level 1 cache memory

graded level 1, level 2, and level 3

cache memory

built between the CPU and RAM memory

Level 2 and Level 3 cache memory

is slower than level 1 but can have between 4 MB to 8MB

Level 2 cache memory

is slower than level 1 and level 2 but can have between 10 MB to 64 MB

Level 3 cache memory

holds the information that is currently being used in "recipes" (programs)

random access memory (RAM); refrigerator

- short term memory
- temporary storage space
- data and programs will be lost if you turn off the computer
- the newer the chip, the higher cost

Random Access Memory (RAM)

disk storage has lots of space - data will survive if power is cut

secondary storage; warehouse

- the slower, the cheaper/the faster, the more expensive
- spinning disk, solid state drive, flash storage

types of secondary storage

equal to 1 billion bytes of info

gigabyte

equal to 1 trillion bytes of info

terabyte

a single character of number requires:

1 byte

1 TB to 4 TB

hard disk (HDD)

256 GB to 2 TB

solid state drive (SSD)

usually built into the motherboard

network interface card (NIC)

example: ...
abbrev: b
size: 1 bit

bit

example: the letter f
abbrev: B
size: 8 bit

byte

example: a few paragraphs
abbrev: KB
size: 1000 bytes

kilobyte

example: small book
abbrev: MB
size: 1000 KB

megabyte

example: truck of books
abbrev: GB
size: 1000 MB

gigabyte

example: research library
abbrev: TB
size: 1000 GB

terabyte

example: all research libraries in the world
abbrev: PB
size: 1000 TB

petabyte

example: all words ever spoken by humans (5 EB)
abbrev: EB
size: 1000 PB

exabyte

examples:
Microsoft Windows
Apple macOS
Google Android OS

operating systems

examples:
productivity
games
Internet
email

applications software

prevention, protection, and restoration of computers, electronic communications systems, wire communications
including info contained therein, to ensure its availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and nonrepudiation

cybersecurity

information security was later formalized by MIT research scientists

david clark and david wilson

examples:
confidentiality
integrity
availability

CIA Triad

Least Privilege
need-to-know basis
Three-step process:
- introduction
- authentication
- authorization
examples: FERPA and HIPPA

confidentiality

Makes sure that the information is not tampered with whenever it travels from its source to destination or even stored at rest
Should not be improperly modified
Methods:
- version control
- file permissions and user access control (UAC)
- data derived from another block of digital data for the purpose of detecting transmission errors

integrity

- makes sure that authorized people have access to information when and where it is rightly needed
- for example, hardware maintenance, software patching, network optimization
- system redundancy, failover, RAID, high-availability clusters
- dedicated hardware devices can be used to guard against downtime and unreachable data due to malicious distributed denial-of-service (DDoS)

availability

should you have access to the information?

CIA TRIAD: confidentiality

do I trust the data?

CIA TRIAD: integrity

am I able to access the data when I want?

CIA TRIAD: availability

student tries to change their test score online

CIA THREAT: integrity

- a virus takes down a corporation's internet service for all employees and customers
- a virus overheats your server resulting in the destruction of all organizational files

CIA THREAT: availability

- an employee is accidently given access (views) of confidential employee information
- your personal information is stolen and made available for sale on the black market

CIA THREAT: confidentiality

- social engineering
- (spear) phishing / SMiShing
- passwords
- "weakest link" of cybersecurity

target people

- zero day exploit
- distributed denial of service (DDOS)
- security flaw

target technology

- rules
- regulations
- policy

target process

questionable action through deception, often involving a breach of security that often times includes revealing confidential or private information or sending money

social engineering

type of cyberattack that uses email, phone, or text to entice individuals into providing personal or sensitive information, ranging from passwords to credit card info

phishing

- the process of converting human readable text (plaintext) into an incomprehensible text (ciphertext) using a cryptographic key
- data at rest (storage) and data in transit

encryption

a mathematical algorithm that is used to both encrypt data and decrypt to ensure data integrity and security

cryptographic key

- creates a "data tunnel" in which data can be transmitted or shared across a public network as if the two computers were directly connected in a private network
- hides your IP address by letting the network redirect it through a specially configured remote server run by its host

virtual private network (VPN)

small files that websites place on your computer that allow the website to remember your "selections" and "preferences"

cookies

which components of a computer are at its core and determine how good it is:

CPU, Cache, RAM

what is the fastest and cheapest way to make your computer faster?

increase RAM

when will your computer to store the excel file so that the CPU/processor can execute the operations you are requesting?

RAM

windows 10 is an example of a(n)

operating system

To ensure you have a proper password, which of the following rules should you follow?

- create a password 12-15 characters in length
- change your password frequently (every 3 months)
- keep it weird