Socio 1 & 2

chapters one and two from the sociology textbook

Sociology

The systematic study of human society and social interaction

Society

a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

C Wright Mills

created the term sociological imagination for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society

high-income countries

nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income

middle-income countries

Nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income

low-income countries

Primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.glob

global interdependence

mutual dependence between countries

Durkheim / Anomie

believed that people are the product of their social environment and that behavior cannot be understood fully in terms of individual biological and psychological traits

Anomie

Emile Durkheims designation for a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society

Herbet Spencer

created the ‘theory of general evolution’ that stated that society, like a biological organism, has various interdependent parts that work to ensure the stability and survival of the entire society

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer’s belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out

Karl Marx

believed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces. Believed that class-conflict was necessary in order to produce social change in society

Max Weber

emphasized that sociology should be value free. research should be done scientifically, excluding the researcher’s personal values and economic interests

Auguste Comte

coined the term ‘sociology’ from the Latin word “socius”. Considered by some the found of sociology

Robert K. Merton

Refined functionalism and distinguished the difference between manifest and latent function of social institutions

Manifest Functions

functions that are intended and/or overtly recognized by the participants in a social unit

Latent Functions

unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants

conflict

the sociological approach that views groups in society as engaged in a continuous power struggle for control

Functionalist

the sociological approach that views society as a stable, orderly system

Symbolic Interaction

the sociological approach that views society as the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups

Post Modernist

the sociological approach that attempts to explain social life in contemporary societies that are characterized by post industrialization, consumerism, and global communications

Hawthorne effect

a phenomenon in which changes in a subject’s behavior are caused by the researcher’s presence or by the subject’s awareness of being studied

Sociological Research

studying society

Hypothesis

in research studies, a tentative statement of the relationship between two or more concepts

Inductive Science

starts with observations

Deductive Science

starts with theories

Commonsense Ideas

routine knowledge that people have of their everyday world and activities

me-search

Having a pre-conception while looking at research

Qualitative research

Using words for research

Quantitative Research

using numbers for research

methods

Specific strategies or techniques for systematically conducting research (types include survey, respondents, questionnaire and interview)

Experiment

a carefully designed situation in which the researcher studies the impact of certain variables on subjects’ attitudes or behavior

variables

independent and dependent

Triangulation

the mixing of data or methods so that diverse viewpoints or standpoints cast light upon a topic

ASA code of ethics

They are Professional Competence, Integrity, Professional and Scientific Responsibility, Respect for People's Rights, Dignity, and Diversity, Social Responsibility, and Human Rights