BIOL 456 Human -Microbe Symbiosis Lecture

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You have _____ microbial genes compared to human genes

less

You have ____ human cells than you do microbial cells

commensal

Relatively ‘_______’ organisms may benefit host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes

normal microbiota (e.g., by antibiotic therapy)

elimination of ___________ can result in serious infections (C. difficile, mycosis)

colonized by microbes

Any part of the body exposed to the outside world will be ______

Different parts of body have unique microbiomes

microbial habitats

Body sites are unique _______ that harbor different communities of microbes.

0-3

The gut microbiome changes most dramatically between _____ years of age.

western civilizations

People in ________ have reduced gut microbiome complexity.

Genes, Gender, Family, Environment/ Culture

Factors influencing the Microbiome are the following _______, _______, _______, ________

Mother biggest influence

People Share Microbes 

• ________

• House mates second biggest 

  • Community Smaller influence

gut

Most of the human microbiome is in the _____

10,000 to 100,000

Gut Microbiome:

_________ billion bacterial cells

colon

Gut Microbiome:

Concentrations greatest in the _____

Bioactive metabolites (Short Chain Fatty Acids)

• Human gut microorganisms produce 

  • Enzymes

  • Amino acids 

  • Neurotransmitters 

  • Vitamins 

  • __________

100–150

Gut Microbiome has ______ times more genes than the human genome

four major phyla

Human gut dominated by _______ ( Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria)

Firmicutes

______ (including Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, and Clostridium),

Bacteroidetes

______ (containing Bacteroides and Prevotella)

Early gut colonization

__________ my have long term consequences. 

• Mother’s microbiome

• Delivery mode 

• Early diet

Vaginal Delivery

• 72%(135/187) of early gut colonizers matched mom’s gut 

• More bacteroides

• More stable

C-section delivery

• 41% (55/135) of early gut colonizers matched mom’s gut 

• Less Bacteroides

• More heterogeneous

oligosaccharides

Breast milk contains “human milk _______”

Fermented by microbes

• HMO’s not digestible by infants 

  • ___________

mutualist microbiome

• HMOs help support

  • _____________

  • healthy gut mucus

Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli

HMOs increase ____________

robust mucus layer

• HMOs help support

  • Epithelial cells

  • ____________

Streptococcus and Enterococcus

Breast fed infants have 

• more Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides

• less ___________________________

Bifidobacteria

_______ have genomes that encode for enzymes that break down HMOs into infant digestible and fermentable end products.

c-section

overweight/obesity risk is greater for children born to overweight/obese moms, especially if delivered via _______

adults

By age 3 gut microbiome of children resembles that of _______

omega-6 polyunsaturated

a HFD containing mostly saturated and ____________ fatty acids was confirmed to induce specific changes in the gut microbiota

SCFAs

______–produced by bacteria -  help regulate metabolism

• Stimulate appetite suppressing hormones ( e.g. GLP 1) 

• Decrease liver glucose and lipid production 

gut microbiota

Weight loss interventions alter ________

Health gut microbiota

__________ associated with: 

• Lower appetite 

• Lower inflammation 

• More lipid oxidation

• Thicker mucus layer

Dysbiosis

________– disease resulting from disruption of the homeostatsisis between microbiota and host

Irritable Bowel Disease

_________ - reduce genetic diversity in gut microbial community

neurotological conditions

Mental health and ________ are linked to abnormal/ altered gut communities (dysbiosis).

• Depression

• Alzheimer's

• Parkinson’s

• Autism Spectrum

neurotransmitters

Gut Feelings:

Microbes can 

• make _______

• Affect immune system

vagus nerve signaling

Gut Feelings:

Microbes can 

• impact ______

• Impact hormone production 

Cortisol

Gut Feelings:

• Two-way street

• _______ reduces gut barrier integrity 

• Stress change change gut microbiome 

Oxytocin

Gut Feelings:

• Most research in animal models 

• Gut microbes linked to

  • Anxiety 

  • Social Behavior 

  • ________

  • Stress Response

Neuronal

Neurological Conditions linked to : 

• ______ signaling 

• Metabolic pathways

Endocrine

Neurological Conditions linked to : 

• ______ pathways 

• Immune system pathways 

Gastrointesitinal disfunction

___________ more common in ASD people

Microbiome Transplant

The Gut and Autism:

__________:

• Altered gut microbiome

• Improved Gastrointestinal Symptoms

• Improved ASD symptoms  

Butyrate-producing

_________ Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus bacteria were consistently associated with higher quality of life indicators. Together with Dialister, Coprococcus spp. were also depleted in depression, even after correcting for the confounding effects of antidepressants.