Animal Nutrition

quiz 1

What are the classes of Nutrients

water, carbohydrates, protein, fats, minerals, vitamins

Carbohydrates in the simplest form

glucose and VFA

Proteins in the simplest form

amino acid

lipids in the simplest form

glycerol and fatty acids

essential= indispensable, added to diet, isn’t synthesized

non-essential= is synthesized, body produces them

difference between essential and non-essential nutrients

essential nutrients

water, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins

maintenance → lactation → reproduction → fattening

Nutrient flow in mature animals

maintenance → growth → reproduction → lactation → fattening

nutrient flow in young animals

supports biological function, vital functions, body temp, maintain body wt

what is maintenance

species, genetics, environment, age of maturity, level of production

factors that affect nutrient requirements

state of nutrition deficiency, excess, imbalance causing measurable adverse effects on body function

definition of malnutrition

underfeeding is when

nutrient demand is greater than supply

what are 3 consequences of underfeeding

genetic potential decrease, conception rate decrease, weight loss

overfeeding is when

nutrient supple is greater than demand

what are 3 consequences of overfeeding

obesity, environmental contamination, poor conception rates

Carbohydrates make up the majority of nutrients in what’s diet

ruminants. horses, rabbits, pigs, chickens

protein makes up the majority of nutrients in what’s diet

cats

average body composition as %

water

protein

fat

ash

60, 16, 20, 4

bone growth → muscle growth → fat deposition

calorie flow through body composition

what is the GIT

Gastrointestinal tract

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

organs of the GIT

breaking down of food for absorption, reduces size, changes structure

what is digestion

transfer of nutrients to blood and lymph systems

what is absorption

4 types of digestion

physical/ mechanical, chemical, enzymatic, microbial fermentation

type of digestion in the mouth

mechanical and enzymatic

supply recycled nutrients

moisten food

buffer digesta

3 functions of saliva

water

mucin

enzymes (amylase)

electrolytes (bicarbonate)

what makes up saliva

what digestion happens in the stomach

chemical, mechanical, enzymatic

denatures proteins

lowers pH

activates pepsinogen to pepsin

kills bacteria

functions of HCl in stomach

gastrin, HCl, pepsinogen, mucin, gastric lipase

substances secreted in the stomach

why is pepsinogen inactive

will destroy the stomach walls

what activates pepsinogen

hydrochloric acid

what is the active form of pepsinogen

pepsin

digestion in the small intestine

enzymatic, chemical

sections of SI

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

main site of digestion

duodenum

main site of absorption

jejunum

functions of villi and micro

absorption of nutrients and increase surface area

secretin

cholecystokinin

gastric inhibitory peptide GIP

hormones produced by the SI

function of secretin

stimulates pancreatic juice

function of cholecystokinin

stimulates pancreatic juice and bile

function of GIP

stimulates insulin

what stimulates the release of secretin

Chymes and acid

what stimulates the release of cholecystokinin

fat and protein

what stimulates the release of GIP

fat and glucose

sucrase (not in ruminants)

maltase

lactase (not in birds)

aminopeptidase

dipeptidase

enzymes produced in the SI

what type of digestion is in large intestine

microbial frementation

sections of the LI

cecum, colon, rectum

water absorption, storage of undigested GIT content, bacterial fermentation

functions of the LI

importance of microbial fermentation in horses and rabbits

break down of fiber= generate VFA = energy

associated organs of the GIT

pancreas, liver, gallbladder

pro-enzymes secreted by the pancreas

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases

active form of trypsinogen

trypsin

active form of chymotrypsinogen

chymotrypsin

active form of procarboxypeptidases

carboxypeptidases

what activates trypsinogen

enterokinase and trypsin

what activates chymotrypsinogen

trypsin

what activates procarboxypeptidases

trypsin

where is bile produced? stores and excreted?

made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, excreted from duodenum

functions of bile

digestion, absorption, excretion

components of feces

undigested feed, digestive enzymes, dead cells, bacteria

components of urine

nitrogen, urea, minerals, water

is the urine made up of digested or undigested products

digested

main differences of GIT of chicken and pig

shorter, gizzard, crop, beak, two ceca, cloaca

functions of the crop

hold food, moisten the food

functions of gizzard

grinding of food

digestion in the gizzard

mechanical and enzymatic

why cant horses vomit

peristaltic contractions, one way tract

no upper incisors

upper dental pad

no enzymes

side to side motion

mouth of ruminants

components of saliva (ruminants)

sodium bicarbonate, urea, P, Na

functions of saliva in ruminants

buffering, moisten, urea recycling, nutrient supply to microbes

rumination

regurgitate, re-chew, re-salivate

four compartments of ruminants stomach

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

what does the rumen do

storage, soaking, physical mixing, fermentation

what does the reticulum do

moves ingested feed into the rumen and into the omasum

what does the omasum do

reduce particle size, regulate flow of digesta, absorb water

what does the abomasum do

secret HCl and enzymes

what type of digestion happens in the rumen

microbial fermentation

what type of digestion happens in the abomasum

chemical and enzymatic

what type of digestion happens in the SI (ruminants)

enzymatic and chemical

limited starch

microbial protein

ruminally undegradable protein

difference of digesta in SI in cows and pigs

water absorption, limited fiber digestion, bacteria synthesize water soluble vitamins

function of LI (ruminants)

suitable environ.

supply of feed

removal of end products

removal of feed

what ruminants provide to microbes

what does microbes provide to the ruminants

VFAs, microbial protein

primary VFA produced by microbes

acetic, propionic, butyric acid

3 rumen microbiota

bacteria, protozoa, fungi

what is the esophageal groove

what is its function

muscular structure at end of esophagus, avoids fermentation by going straight to abomasum

how does bacteria colonize the rumen

gestation, maternal interaction, colostrum/ milk/ replacer, diet, environ.

what type of feed stimulates papillae growth

concentrate: starter grain → encourage fermentation →produce butyrate